Rock, archaeological materials analyses

Garza-Valdes, L. A. and B. Stross (1992), Rock varnish analysis, in Vandiver, P. J., D. Druzik, G. S. Wheeler, and I. C. Freestone (eds.), Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology III, a Symposium in San Francisco, California, April 27-May 1, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Pittsburgh, PA, Vol. 267, pp. 891-900. 

Figure 32-9 illustrates that neutron activation is potentially applicable to the determination of sixty-nine elements. In addition, four of the inert gases form radionuclides with thermal neutrons and thus can also be determined. Finally, three additional elements — oxygen, nitrogen, and yttrium — can be activated with fast neutrons. A list of types of materials to which the method has been applied is impressive and includes metals, alloys, archaeological objects, semiconductors, biological specimens, rocks, minerals, and water. Acceptance of evidence developed from activation analysis by courts of law has led to its widespread use in forensic chemistry. Here, the high sensitivities and nondestructive aspect of the method are particularly useful. Most applications have involved the determination of traces of various elements. ... 

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