Rhodium complexes, configuration

A combination of rhodium complexes and phosphates promotes a highly regioselective allylic alkylation of unsym-metric allylic esters, where alkylation occurs at the more substituted allylic terminus of the esters (Equation (46)). As Evans and his co-workers reported, both the regio- and stereochemistry of the starting allylic esters are maintained in the allylic alkylated products (Equation (47)). Thus, the rhodium-catalyzed allylic alkylation takes place at the carbon substituted by a leaving group with net retention of configuration. A variety of carbon-centered... 

Homogeneous hydrogenation catalyzed by the four-coordinated rhodium complex, Rh[(C6H5)3P]3Cl, has been particularly well investigated. With this catalyst, the first step is formation of the six-coordinated rhodium hydride of known configuration, 16, in which we abbreviate the ligand, triphenylphosphine, (C6H5)3P, as L ... 

The synthesis of the C20—C26 fragment started with a 4-alkylation of methyl aceto-acetate The first stereocentre was introduced by enantioselecuve catalytic hydrogenation with Noyort s (S)-binap rhodium complex (cf p 102f.) Stereoselective Frater-Seebach alkylation with allyl bromide introduced the second stereocentre in 90% yield (cf p 27) Stereospecifid introduction of the stereocentres C24 and C2 was achieved by a chelation controlled addition of an allylstannane to an aldehyde (see p 66f) After some experimentation with Lewis acid catalysts and reaction conditions a single diastereomer of the desired configuration was ob-... 

Figure 7.2. Configurations of various rhodium complexes with chiral ligands.

Rhodium complexes that contain (2S,4.S )-PPM ligands efficiently catalyze the asymmetric reduction of enamides to form protected amino acids with the -configuration.95 97 However, no... 

At about the time of Wilkinson s discovery, new schemes were developed by others for the preparation and configurational correlation of chiral phosphines (lOa-e). The combination of advances in homogeneous catalysis and chiral phosphine technology prompted research on chiral phosphine complexes. Horner et al. (11) were the first to hypothesize in print that rhodium complexes containing optically active tertiary phosphine ligands should effect the asymmetric hydrogenation of unsymmetrically substituted olefins. 

The first examples of asymmetric hydrogenation based on this principle were reported by Knowles and co-workers (the Monsanto group) in 1968 (12). Rhodium complexes of the type RhL3Cl3 (where L was a chiral phosphine) were used in the hydrogenation of a-phenylacrylic acid (atropic acid) and itaconic acid under the conditions indicated in Fig. 3. When L was (R)-( )-methylphenyl-n-propylphosphine,3 15% optically pure (S)-(+)-a-phenyl-pro-pionic acid and 3% optically pure methylsuccinic acid (configuration unreported) were obtained. 

Fig Catalytic cycle for the hydroformylation of alkenes involving triphenylphosphine rhodium complex species. Note that the configurations of the complexes are not known with certainty. 

The rhodium complex [Rh(acac) (C2Hi )2] reacts with the unsaturated triosmium compound to give the 60-electron cluster species [Rh0s3(y-H)2(y-acac)(CO)10J (A7) in which the acac ligand acts as a five-electron donor, one oxygen atom bridging an Os — Rh separation of 3.292(2) so that the four metal atoms adopt a butterfly configuration. 

Figure 22-7 Simplified catalytic cycle for hydroformylation using rhodium complexes. Note that the configurations of complexes are not known with certainty and that five-coordinate species are fluxional. Rhodium can be added as Rh(acac)(CO)(PPh3), HRh(CO)(PPh3)3, or similar complexes. The solvent in QH4 or CHjCH=CH2 hydroformylation is the aldehyde trimer which is in equilibrium with aldehyde.

In an ethanol solution of RhCl3, cis,irons-1,5-cyclodecadiene is converted to its cts,cis-l,6-isomer with subsequent formation of the dimeric rhodium complex [(l,6-CioHie)RhCl]2 which can also be prepared by direct interaction of the 1,6-olefin with RhCl3 in ethanol (579, 582). Spectral evidence suggests a configuration (192) much like that of the 1,5-cyclooctadiene complex with the 1,6-CioHie rings in a boat conformation. 

The chemistry of secondary phosphine oxides, R2P(H)0 and their phosphi-nous acid tautomers, R2POH, has continued to attract attention. The study of the phosphinous acid tautomers has been aided by the development of stereoselective procedures for direct conversion of secondary phosphine oxides to the phosphinous acid-boranes (83). Treatment of the secondary phosphine oxide with either a base-borane complex or boron trifluoride and sodium borohyd-ride provides the phosphinous acid-borane with predominant inversion of configuration at phosphorus. The phosphinous acid tautomers are usually trapped as ligands in metal complexes and further examples of this behaviour have been noted. Discrimination of enantiomeric forms of chiral phosphinous acids, Ph(R)OH, coordinated to a chiral rhodium complex, has been studied by NMR. °° Palladium complexes of di(t-butyl)phosphinous acid have found application as homogeneous catalysts.A lithium salt of the tellurophos-phinite Ph2PTeH has been prepared and structurally characterised. ... 

Copper and rhodium complexes catalyze the reaction of alkenes with diazoacetate to give alkyl cyclopropanecarboxylates [13]. In the presence of Cu(acac)2, the reaction of carbohydrate enol ether 20 with methyl diazoacetate afforded a 1 4 mixture of cis- and frani-cyclopropanes 21 and 22 (c -product 21 was obtained with 95% de). When the reaction was catalyzed by CuOTf in the presence of hgand 23, the tranj -product 22 was obtained with 60% de (Scheme 10.4). The absolute configuration of the major diastereomer was not given [19]. 

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