Reviews comprehensive

Chemical Properties. Diketene is a reactive and versatile compound which can undergo reaction with a large variety of compounds. These reactions have been reviewed comprehensively (1,5,6,96). 

The electrochemistry of S-N and Se-N heterocycles has been reviewed comprehensively. The emphasis is on the information that electrochemical studies provide about the redox properties of potential neutral conductors. To be useful as a molecular conductor the 4-1, 0, and -1 redox states should be accessible and the neutral radical should lie close to the centre of the redox spectrum. The chalcogen-nitrogen heterocycles that have been studied in most detail from this viewpoint... 

In view of the importance of these compounds in indole chemistry and since there is no adequate modern survey of this field, an attempt has been made to review comprehensively the chemistry of the indole Grignard reagents. 

The final chapter in this volume is authored by O. N. Chupakhin and D. N. Kozhevnikov (Ekaterinburg, Russia) and deals with 1,2,4-triazines N-oxides, an interesting compound class, which has not previously been reviewed comprehensively. 

No data on tautomerism of dihydropyiimidines were available at the time of the early summary (76AHCS1), but much has been done since then. The results of tautomeric studies carried out during the period between 1976 and 1984 were reviewed comprehensively in [85AHC(38)l,pp. 63-77]. Later, Weis and vanderPlas published an excellent review on the synthesis, structure, and tautomerism of dihydropyrimidines [86H(24)1433], where the tautomeric interconversions of these compounds were discussed in detail. In a more recent review on dihydropyrimidines (94MI1), the question of tautomerism in partially hydrogenated pyrimidines was also included. 

A possible mechanism of the extraction of tantalum and niobium using different solvents, and their stripping into the aqueous phase, was reviewed comprehensively by Babkin, Maiorov and Nikolaev [458,459]. 

Enzyme-mediated chiral sulfoxidation has been reviewed comprehensively in historical context [188-191]. The biotransformation can be mediated by cytochrome P-450 and flavin-dependent MOs, peroxidases, and haloperoxidases. Owing to limited stability and troublesome protein isolation, a majority of biotransformations were reported using whole-cells or crude preparations. In particular, fungi have been identified as valuable sources of such biocatalysts and the catalytic entities have not been fully identified in all cases. 

Although it falls somewhat out of the scope of this paper and has furthermore been reviewed comprehensively recently,16 it would be remiss to overlook the exciting new work on chemicurrents. As we have seen for vibrational energy transfer, it is also observed that dissipation of chemical energy released in exothermic reactions at metal surfaces may happen adiabati-cally by creation of excited phonons or nonadiabatically by excitation of... 

The purpose of the present article is to review comprehensively those photochemical reactions of carbohydrates for which product structures have been established, and to apply current mechanistic reasoning to the understanding of these reactions. Two reviews of carbohydrate photochemistry already exist. The first1 2 was published in this Series in 1963, prior to the considerable recent growth in this field, and the second was a brief summary published in the Japanese literature in 1973. 

Apart from cydopentadiene 309a, furan [151, 165, 321-323, 327, 329] and pyrrole derivatives [158, 325] 309b and 309c, respectively, are also often used as dienes. Recently, the synthetic applications of furan Diels-Alder chemistry were reviewed comprehensively [330]. In the case of a,/3-unsaturated hydrazones 312, isomerization and elimination of dimethylamine convert the Diels-Alder products 314, which... 

The preparation, properties and uses of ozonides have been reviewed comprehensively [1]. Many pure ozonides (trioxolanes) are generally stable to storage some may be distilled under reduced pressure. The presence of other peroxidic impurities is thought to cause the violently explosive decomposition often observed in this group [2], Use of ozone is not essential for their formation, as they are also produced by dehydration of c cF-dihydroxy peroxides [3], A very few isomeric linear trioxides (ROOOR) are known, they are also explosively unstable. Inorganic ozonides, salts of the radical C>3 anion, are also hazardous. 

The photochemistry of vitamin D and its various isomers has been reviewed comprehensively many times129,171,172,207,226, but as it lies at the very heart of hexatriene/cyclo-hexadiene photochemistry, it seems fitting to provide a very brief overview of the salient features here. 

The mechanism of HO has been reviewed comprehensively elsewhere (271) and is summarized briefly here. As indicated in Fig. 6, the first... 

The 4f/-imidazoles have not previously been reviewed comprehensively. In earlier reviews on the H compounds " isolated examples are discussed, although in a later work a more thorough treatment has been given. An attempt has been made in the present article to include all known AH-imidazoles using a CAS on line substructure computer search. Chemical Abstracts have been covered up to and including Issue 4 of Volume 97, and a few additional references have been included directly from the more common international journals. Structures having exocyclic double bonds have been excluded benz-fused systems cannot be drawn in this series. 

Could regulators conduct their own audits, not depending upon validation by laboratories In theory that strategy could be successful, but two problems stand in the way. First, resources, including time and expertise, permit only a very cursory spot check on compliance. Those limited resources are much better spent in reviewing comprehensive validation reports than in conducting very limited tests of system performance and compliance. 

Advances in pulse radiolysis studies in the gas phase have been summarized in several review papers. In a comprehensive review by Sauer [4], a review presented by Firestone and Dorfman [5] in 1971 was referred to as the first review on gas-phase pulse radiolysis. Experimental techniques and results obtained were summarized by one of the present authors [6], with emphasis on an important contribution of pulse radiolysis to gas-phase reaction dynamics studies. Examples were chosen by Sauer [7] from the literature prior to 1981 to show the types of species that were investigated in the gas phase using pulse radiolysis technique. Armstrong [8] reviewed experimental data obtained from gas-phase pulse radiolysis together with those from ordinary steady-state radiolysis. Advances in gas-phase pulse radiolysis studies since 1981 were also briefly reviewed by Jonah et al. [9], with emphasis on an important contribution of this technique to free radical reaction studies. One of the present authors reviewed comprehensively the gas-phase collision dynamics studies of low-energy electrons, ions, excited atoms and molecules, and free radicals by means of pulse radiolysis method [1-3]. An important contribution of pulse radiolysis to electron attachment, recombination, and Penning collision studies was also reviewed in Refs. 10-15. 

Molybdenum carbonyl-isocyanide complexes may be obtained as in Section 36.2.2.1.1. In most respects isocyanides behave in a very similar way to carbon monoxide, with which they are isoelectronic. As for the carbonyls, the isocyanide complexes may be regarded as derivatives of [Mo(CNR)6] and have been reviewed comprehensively.la,b... 

The ring-opening reactions of lithiated derivatives have been reviewed comprehensively. A well-known example of this latter possibility is the ring-opening of 3-lithiobenzo[ ]furan (401) to the lithium salt of 2-ethynylphenol (402) (78CHE353). 

In addition to the major salt constituents discussed up to this point, the elements listed in Table 1.3 have been detected in normal bovine milk by spectroscopic and chemical analyses. They include a large number of metals, the metalloids As, B, and Si, and the halogens F, Br, and I. The subject of trace elements in milk has been reviewed comprehensively (Archibald 1958 Murthy 1974 Underwood 1977). Their significance for human nutrition is discussed in Chapter 7. 

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