Review articles

The topic of functional near-infrared spectroscopy has been covered in detail by many reviews. Readers should refer to these papers to gain a better understanding of the work done on the topic. Below is a nonexhaustive list of reviews on the topic of NIR medical applications. 

The biosynthetic pathway to vitamin Bi2 and the relationship between the synthesis of corrins and porphyrins has been reviewed. Two theses relate to 

Two educational articles have appeared dealing with the teaching of bio-organometallic chemistry in neral, and with the chemistry of methylmercury toxicology.  

A short review on the application of mass spectrometry to the analysis of vitamin Bxs derivatives has been published.  

A large number of articles survey the ch stry, biochemistry, and toxicology of methylmercury and other alkyl-metal compounds. Four deal specifically with aspects of Minimata disease, - one with the role of methanogenic bacteria in the alkylation of arsenic and mercury, and one on the general microbial alkylation of metals.  

Jernelov, Int. Conf. Heavy Met. Environ. (Symp. Proc.) 1st, 1975,2, 845. 

Another point of interest to the reader is that except the review articles, only those contributions where the original chemical observations and advances are presented will be reviewed. The remaining articles are considered as relevant to areas outside the scope of the present review. This explanation is necessary because under the name of, e.g. Belousov-Zhabotinskii, the literature is inundated beyond reach, obviously contributing to other areas of this reaction scheme not necessarily focusing on its oscillatory solutions. Furthermore, the terminology used in the referenced sources is preserved wherever possible. 

Elements Physico-chemical unknown entities Variables 

Process Reaction systems (Chemical Kinetics) Dynamics 

Results Equilibrium states Stable singular points 

In the literature there is a small number of reactions exhibiting oscillations, observed experimentally, which motivated a vast number of studies either devising a model for the reaction scheme or analyzing the small variations thereof. Although oscillatory behavior has been recognized in the past by a handful of chemists, it is recently that oscillatory behavior of chemical systems attracted considerable attention. As a result, studies carried out by various groups of researchers have been reviewed and summarized in review articles. Some of these reviews are more comprehensive than others and cover multiple examples of oscillatory reactions. A partial list of these articles is given in Table II with some annotations. 

Fabian and Kalman [5] retrieved 50 structures from the Cambridge Structural Database, including the polymorphs of 22 compounds, in order to evaluate the frequency of isostructurality among polymorphs. It was found that one-, two-, or three-dimensional isostructurality was exhibited by approximately one-half of the compounds studied. Three-dimensional isostructurality was connected to the gradual ordering of crystal structures, while one- and two-dimensional isostructurality could be related to specific packing interactions. Interestingly, conformational polymorphs were not found to exhibit isostructurality. 

The emphasis of the present work is science and technology in the laboratory. The natural shock-compression laboratory of meteoritic impact should not be overlooked. In these environments unique solid state materials have been synthesized for the first time. Perhaps the most common features of our Earth, Moon, and other planets and moons are the craters produced by such high velocity impacts [67C01, 87A03]. 

There are numerous reviews of the various aspects of shock-compression science a large number of the references were collected and summarized in Davison and Graham [79D01]. Those general reviews summarized in Table 1.1 provide an extensive source of concepts and data on materials response, and the serious student should study them carefully. 

Perhaps of more interest are also numerous reviews of specialized topical areas within shock-compression science as tabulated in Table 1.2. These specialized reviews contain much detailed information on the topics under con- 

Rice et al. [58R01] 63 41 Classic first, most widely eited 

Herrman and Hicks [73H02] (34, 32) Johnson and Anderson [87J01] 

---

In recent years, advances in experimental capabilities have fueled a great deal of activity in the study of the electrified solid-liquid interface. This has been the subject of a recent workshop and review article [145] discussing structural characterization, interfacial dynamics and electrode materials. The field of surface chemistry has also received significant attention due to many surface-sensitive means to interrogate the molecular processes occurring at the electrode surface. Reviews by Hubbard [146, 147] and others [148] detail the progress. In this and the following section, we present only a brief summary of selected aspects of this field. 

A special issue devoted to review articles on various aspects of van der Waals molecules. 

When quantum effects are large, the PF can be evaluated by path integral methods [H], Our exposition follows a review article by Gillan [12], Starting with the canonical PF for a system of particles... 

The treatment of equilibrium solvation effects in condensed-phase kmetics on the basis of TST has a long history and the literature on this topic is extensive. As the basic ideas can be found m most physical chemistry textbooks and excellent reviews and monographs on more advanced aspects are available (see, for example, the recent review article by Tnihlar et al [6] and references therein), the following presentation will be brief and far from providing a complete picture. 

It is, of course, widely considered that the classical TST provides the central framework for the understanding of thennal rate constants (see the review article by Tnihlar et al [13]) and also for quantifying the dominant effects of the considered phase in chemical reactions (see below). 

The direct dissociation of diatomic molecules is the most well studied process in gas-surface dynamics, the one for which the combination of surface science and molecular beam teclmiques allied to the computation of total energies and detailed and painstaking solution of the molecular dynamics has been most successful. The result is a substantial body of knowledge concerning the importance of the various degrees of freedom (e.g. molecular rotation) to the reaction dynamics, the details of which are contained in a number of review articles [2, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41]. 

For imiltidiniensional problems, the generalization of WKB theory to the description of scattering problems is often called Miller-Marcus or classical. S-niatrix theory [ ]. The reader is refened to review articles for a more complete description of this theory [52]. 

Advances in Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy [36] provides review articles, both fiindamental and applied, in the fields... 

Many of the fiindamental physical and chemical processes at surfaces and interfaces occur on extremely fast time scales. For example, atomic and molecular motions take place on time scales as short as 100 fs, while surface electronic states may have lifetimes as short as 10 fs. With the dramatic recent advances in laser tecluiology, however, such time scales have become increasingly accessible. Surface nonlinear optics provides an attractive approach to capture such events directly in the time domain. Some examples of application of the method include probing the dynamics of melting on the time scale of phonon vibrations [82], photoisomerization of molecules [88], molecular dynamics of adsorbates [89, 90], interfacial solvent dynamics [91], transient band-flattening in semiconductors [92] and laser-induced desorption [93]. A review article discussing such time-resolved studies in metals can be found in... 

A nice collection of review articles dealing with various experimental aspects of modern NMR spectroscopy several papers on relaxation. 

In this article only the most important and frequently applied EPR methods will be introduced. For more extensive treatments of CW and pulsed EPR the reader is referred to some excellent review articles that will be specified in the respective sections of this article. A good starting point for fiirther reading is provided by a number of outstanding textbooks which have been written on the various aspects of EPR in general [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8]. Interested readers... 

Excellent books and review articles covering LB and SA films have appeared recently. The following covers the basics and some selected topics are presented as examples. For a more comprehensive overview and more details on specific topics the reader is referred to the cited literature. 

This section will outline the simplest models for the spectra of both metal and semiconductor nanocrystals. The work described here has illustrated that, in order to achieve quantitative agreement between theory and experiment, a more detailed view of the molecular character of clusters must be incoriDorated. The nature and bonding of the surface, in particular, is often of crucial importance in modelling nanocrystal optical properties. Wlrile this section addresses the linear optical properties of nanocrystals, both nonlinear optical properties and the photophysics of these systems are also of great interest. The reader is referred to the many excellent review articles for more in-depth discussions of these and other aspects of nanocrystal optical properties [147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153 and 1541. 

A micelle-bound substrate will experience a reaction environment different from bulk water, leading to a kinetic medium effect. Hence, micelles are able to catalyse or inhibit organic reactions. Research on micellar catalysis has focused on the kinetics of the organic reactions involved. An overview of the multitude of transformations that have been studied in micellar media is beyond the scope of this chapter. Instead, the reader is referred to an extensive set of review articles and monographs" ... 

References to the individual basis sets have not been included here. Most can be readily found in the review articles. 

Review articles covering basis set construction and performance are... 

Another way to obtain a relative permitivity is using some simple equations that relate relative permitivity to the molecular dipole moment. These are derived from statistical mechanics. Two of the more well-known equations are the Clausius-Mossotti equation and the Kirkwood equation. These and others are discussed in the review articles referenced at the end of this chapter. The com-... 

Excited States, a series of collections of review articles edited by E. C. Lim, Academic Press, New York 1974-1982. 

Molecular descriptors must then be computed. Any numerical value that describes the molecule could be used. Many descriptors are obtained from molecular mechanics or semiempirical calculations. Energies, population analysis, and vibrational frequency analysis with its associated thermodynamic quantities are often obtained this way. Ah initio results can be used reliably, but are often avoided due to the large amount of computation necessary. The largest percentage of descriptors are easily determined values, such as molecular weights, topological indexes, moments of inertia, and so on. Table 30.1 lists some of the descriptors that have been found to be useful in previous studies. These are discussed in more detail in the review articles listed in the bibliography. 

---