Responding to Temperature Changes

Heat is essentially the vibration of atoms in a material. Consequently thermal properties reflect the type and strength of interatomic bonding and the crystal structure. The important thermal properties of any material are 

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How do negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors respond to temperature changes ... 

Reversible Structural Change Responding to Temperature Change... 

As demonstrated by numerous experiments, temperature does not well influence the exclusion processes (compare Equation 16.6) in eluents, which are thermodynamically good solvents for polymers. In this case, temperature dependence of intrinsic viscosity [ii] and, correspondingly, also of polymer hydrodynamic volume [p] M on temperature is not pronounced. The situation is changed in poor and even theta solvents (Section 16.2.2), where [p] extensively responds to temperature changes. 

Cholesteric LC materials are able to reflect visible light and also respond to temperature changes causing variations in the shade of the reflected colour. The... 

The relation between the response time and reciprocal of the heating rate of the gel is shown in Fig. 21. Hie response time at an infinite heating rate is estimated to be about 0.25 s and is very fast. These gels swell and shrink responding to temperature change isotropically. Mechanical properties of the gel are shown in Table 1. The mechanical strength increases remarkably by phase transition of... 

A qualitative interpretation of this contrasting behavior is offered as follows. Unlike with sample I where PEO blocks in both ends of PPO are conforma-tionally free to respond to temperature changes here the PEO block in the middle is conformationally pinned by PPO blocks at both ends by the nature of segment connectivity, PPO-PEO-PPO. 

In this connection it can also be mentioned that the lipid composition of S3maptic membranes responds to temperature changes (fish acclimatised in the range 2-37°C) as well as pressure changes, expected if the membrane bilayer must balance on the edge of an transition (. [41]). 

In the second type of thermal sensors, a pyrolytic crystal responds to temperature changes in the same way as piezoelectric crystal responds to stress, i.e., with a change in the spontaneous polarization of the crystal.67,68 The change in polarization induces a charge on the electrodes, which can be readily measured. This type of sensors is employed for gas sensing with different materials employed as sensing wafers. 

A second major defect of the empirical temperature is that any property of any substance that varies appreciably as the substance warms and cools can be used, and all are assumed to change in a linear fashion between and beyond the two reference temperatures. But in fact observation shows that in general, substances are all different in the way they respond to temperature changes. The result is that even if one particular set of reference temperatures were chosen., different thermometric substances would give different temperatures for states in between the two reference states. This state of affairs makes the empirical temperature seem a rather dubious sort of fundamental property. 

The saturated KCl electrode is convenient to prepare, but the potential is somewhat more sluggish in responding to temperature changes than are the unsaturated KCl electrodes. The 0.1 V electrode has the lowest temperature coefficient. 

Rate of Rise Rate-of-rise detectors respond to fires that flame up quickly. They do not react well to slower changes in ambient temperature expected for slow developing fires. They typically respond to temperature changes on the order of 12°F/min. 

There are two types of detectors quantum detectors, also known as photodetectors, and thermal detectors, which can be used in optical gas sensors (see Table 14.15). A quantum detector responds to individual photons, which are the quanta of radiation. A thermal detector responds to temperature changes caused by... 

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