Resistant starches

Resistance furnaces Resistance welding Resistant starch Resistazone counter Resistherm PH-10 Resistivity... 

Not all of the starch in a food ends up being digested. The starch that is not absorbed by the body is called resistant starch, and it is considered dietary fiber. It is also a source of nutrition for intestinal flora, which make important vitamins (and intestinal gas). 

JACOBASCH G, SCHMIEDL D, KRUscHEWSKi M, SCHMEHL K (1999) Dietary resistant starch and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Int J Colorectal Dis. 14 201-11. 

Nowadays there is scientific evidence that, besides plant polysaccharides and lignin, other indigestible compounds such as resistant starch, oligosaccharides, Maillard compounds, and phytochemicals—mainly polyphenols—can be considered DF constituents (Saura-Calixto and others 2000). Of these substances, resistant starch is a major constituent in cereals, whereas phytochemicals are the most important such substance in fruits and vegetables. Here, we address mainly polyphenols and carotenoids associated with DF in fruits and vegetables because of the important biological properties derived from them. 

It has recently been reported that a fraction of food starch, named resistant starch (Asp and others 1996), is not digestible by humans. Nowadays resistant starch is considered a DF constituent and is a major constituent of IDF in starchy foods. However, resistant starch is absent in most fruits and vegetables, with the exception of bananas, which contain more than 15% dry weight when the fruit is unripe (Gofii and others 1996). 

Asp NG, Amelsvoort JM and Hautvast JG. 1996. Nutritional implications of resistant starch. Nutr Res Rev 9 1-31. 

Goni I, Garcia-Diz L, Manas E and Saura-Calixto F. 1996. Analysis of resistant starch A method for foods and food products. Food Chem 56 445 149. 

Resistant starch will serve as primary source of substrate for colonic microflora and may have important physiological benefits. On this basis resistant starch can be classified as a dietary fibre. The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) method of determining dietary fibre will measure some resistant starch as dietary fibre. 

Dietary Fibre. An area of some contention is what should be included as dietary fibre. There are several different methods of measuring dietary fibre and all of them will give different results on the same sample. The EU favours the Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method, which includes lignin and resistant starch, while the UK has preferred the Englyst method and has defined fibre as nonstarch polysaccharides from cell walls as the only substances that count as fibre. 

Ingestion of commercial preparations that contain digestion-resistant starches and bacteria (e.g. homolactic lactobacilli) increases volatile fatty acid formation in the colon. This provides more fuel for colonocytes it is claimed regular intake of these preparations improves intestinal function and hence mood, known sometimes as die feel good factor. 

Wheat grain, legumes Colon cancer Contains digestion-resistant starch and other non-digestible carbohydrates which increase fermentation in colon and hence production of volatile fatty acids... 

Xie, X., Liu, Q., Cui, S. W. (2006). Studies on the granular structure of resistant starches (type 4) from normal, high amylose and waxy corn starch citrates. Food Research International, 39, 332-341. 

Sang, Y, Seib, P. A. (2006). Resistant starches from amylose mutants of corn by simultaneous heat-moisture treatment and phosphorylation. Carbohydr. Polym., 63, 167-175. 

Woo, K. S. (1999). Cross-linked, RS4 type resistant starch preparation and properties. PhD Thesis. Kansas State University Manhattan, KS. 

Henningsson, A. L., Nyman, M., Bjork, I. M. (2003). Influences of dietary adaptation and source of resistant starch on short chain fatty acids in the hind gut of rats. British Jourrud of Nutrition, 89, 319-328. 

Leeman, A. M., Karlsson, M. E., Eliasson, A. -C., Bjork, I. M. E. (2006). Resistant starch formation in temperature treated potato starches varying in amylose/amylopectin ratio. Carbohydrate Polymers, 65, 306-313. 

Mishra, S., Monro, J. A., Hedderley, D. (2008). Effect of processing on slowly digestible starch and resistant starch in potato. Starch/Stdrke 60 (In press). 

Raben, A., Tagliabue, A., Christensen, N. J., Madsen, J., Holst, J. J., Astrup, A. (1994). Resistant starch the effect on postprandial glycemia, hormonal response, and satiety. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, 544-551. 

Altieri, P. A. Tessler, M. M. (1996). Water Humidity Resistant Starch Foams, U.S. Patent 5,554,660. 

Hylla, S., Gostner, A., Dusel, G., Anger, H., Bartram, H. R, Christl, S. U., Kasper, H., Scheppaeh, W. (1998). Effects of resistant starch on the colon in healthy volunteers possible implications for cancer prevention. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr, 67, 136-142. 

Inicimn in particular, are readily converted into a nondigesltble or slowly digestible physical form ander certain food processing conditions. These resistant starches are readily fermented by colonic bacteria. Small amounts of waxes, cutin. and minerals in fruits and vegetables contribute to total dietary fiber values but may be physiologically inert. 

Optional Solubilize resistant starch by adding 2 ml DMSO and heating 5 min in a boiling water bath. 

Resistant starch escapes hydrolysis by starch-specific enzymes (see Commentary). Studies have shown that resistant starch, upon treatment with DMSO, becomes solubilized and, thus, hydrolyzable by amylase enzymes. 

The protocol developed by Holm et al. (1986) was evaluated by analysis of starch content in wheat starch, white wheat flour, whole-grain wheat, and industrially processed wheat products. The major advantage of this protocol over the Basic Protocol is its reduced cost. The chemicals for the reagent preparations and the enzymes are purchased directly from the companies that produce them. The original method did not include RS3 (resistant starch) in its quantitation. A DMSO treatment step has been added (step 4) to solve this problem. 

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