Residual generation observer-based

P.M. Frank and X. Ding. Survey of robust residual generation and evaluation methods in observer-based fault detection systems. J. Process Control, 7(6) 403-424, 1997. 

Real-time observer-based residual generation uses an analytical model that is subjected to the same input as the real system. An observer-based residual is obtained by comparison of the measured real system output subject to faults with that of the observer as depicted in Fig. 1.1. 

A disadvantage of real-time observer-based residual generation is that for large behavioural models, or for stiff model equations, the numerical computation of the estimated response to system inputs may take a significant part of the sampling interval [34]. 

Fig. 11. Variation of the fluorescence properties of a set of tryptophan-containing peptides as a function of the position of the tryptophan in their sequence. The parameter/AVe describes the degree of rigidity and hydrophobicity of the tryptophan s environment it is based on emission maximum, anisotropy, and accessibility to acrylamide. When the values for each of these parameters were similar to those expected for indole in water, a value near 0 was assigned to/, whereas values up to 1.0 were assigned as the fluorescence parameters more closely resembled those observed in very rigid and apolar environments such as the interior of a protein or ethylene glycol at -60°C (Lakowicz, 1983). The values of / calculated for each parameter were then averaged to give /AVe- The dotted curve was generated by fitting a sine wave to the data (period = 3.3 residues). Taken from O Neil et al. (1987).

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