Reliability theory parallel system

In using reliability theory the authors divided the complete system into groups based on their technological role. Taking into account the connections between technical elements all possible reliability structures (parallel or serial) were found. In order to fully describe all parallel structures, basing on actual water production, the authors of this paper calculated reliability characteristic n of M where n represent the number of operating objects and M is represents the number of all existing objects of each type. The reliability indicators (T, T , p, A, f, K) for each structure were calculated, however due to the limited form of this article only values of Tp, T , K are presented. 

The description of the van der Waals interaction based on the Lifshitz approach is now sufficiently advanced to provide accurate predictions for the complete interaction energy. For the geometry of two half-spaces, the exact theory is available in a formulation suited for computational purposes. " In parallel with work on planar systems, there has been a focus on the interaction between spheres. " These developed theories have been used as the exact solutions in the validation of the approximate predictions using the Hamaker approach. The significant contribution of the continuum approach to our understanding of the van der Waals interaction lies in the reliable prediction of the Hamaker constant. The interaction energy for two half-spaces and two spheres is summarized below. 

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