Relay series

An evolutionary trajectory leading from an initial population to the final state is characterized by a uniquely defined time-ordered series of phenotypes, called the relay series [49], It can also be understood as a series of transitions between pairs of consecutive phenotypes in the relay series. Transitions are off-the-cloud mutations leading to new phenotypes and fall into two classes (i) minor or continuous transitions and... 

Individual trajectories of evolution in the flow reactor are not reproducible in detail. Relay series of different computer runs under identical conditions5 involve different structures and the corresponding genotypes have sequences that diverge from initial conditions. Almost all quantities, for example the number of replications required to reach the target or the number of minor transitions, show widely scattered distribu-... 

Such relays are in the form of a small tube inside which is a loosely fitted rotatable shaft, held by a very thin film of this alloy. The alloy senses the motor temperature through a heater connected in series with the motor terminals and surrounding this tube. When the motor current exceeds the predetermined value, the alloy melts and enables the shaft to rotate and actuate the lever of the tripping mechanism. 

This can be defined by the most severe external fault at which the schetne will remain inoperative. It should also remain inoperative in healthy conditions. That is it should be immune to the momentary voltage or current transients and normal harmonic contents in the circulating current. Series LC-filter circuits are generally provided with the relay coil to suppress the harmonics and to detect the fault current more precisely. 

Such relays are normally instantaneous, highly sensitive and operate at low spill cuiTents. Since they detect the residual current of the system, the current may contain third-harmonic components (Section 23.6) and operate the highly sensitive relay in a healthy condition. To avoid operation of the relay under such conditions, it is a normal practice to supply the relay coil with a tuned filter, i.e. a series L-C circuit to filter out the third-harmonic components. The capacitance of the filter circuit may also tame a steep rising TRV (Section 17.10.3) during a momentary transient condition and protect the relay. 

For high-rating feeders using more than one cable, there must be one CBCT for each cable. Not more than one cable must pass through such CTs. The secondary of all such parallel CTs may, however, be connected in series, across the common relay (Figure 21.10(a)). 

For ihe proleeiion of series reactors, w hen used t)ii large installations, and are oil cooled, a Buchholz relay may be provided for oil temperature indication once any other proieciion deemed necessary... 

A CT is provided in series with the spark gap to sense its operation during a line fault. As soon as there is arcing, it provides an instantaneous command to a short-circuit relay. The relay, in turn, closes the bypass breaker, within 3 to 5 cycles, leaving only the natural line impedance in the faulty eircuit. Now = 0, which limits the fault current to the natural level of the system, as if the capacitors were not connected. The shorting device is restored to its original status as soon as the fault condition is cleared. The device must be capable of interrupting the line fault... 

The reduction of the C— Br and C—1 group moments from 1.10 and 0.90 in bromo- and iodo-benzene to about 0.80 and 0.50 in 2-bromo- and 2-iodo-thiophene has been ascribed to the larger weight of resonance forms such as (8) and (9) in the thiophene series. The chlorine, nuclear, quadrupole, resonance frequencies of chloro-substituted thiophenes are much higher than those of the corresponding benzene derivatives. This has been ascribed to a relayed inductive effect originating in the polarity of the C—S o-bond in thiophenes. The refractive indices, densities, and surface tension of thiophene, alkyl- and halo-thiophenes, and of some other derivatives have been... 

Four different types of tasks are performed by automation. Two involve the sequencing of valves and pumps Involved 1n the setup and completion of the designed experiment through the operation of the test and hydraulic fluid systems. The other tasks involve the control of the temperature bath and data collection. To perform these tasks, a1r-actuated solenoids and optically coupled sol Id-state relays are used. These devices are controlled by an electrical circuit consisting of the device connected 1n series with a power supply and a channel on the actuator card In the HP 3497. The power supply 1s either 24 VDC for use with the solenoids or 5 VDC for the solid-state relays. The actuator output channel acts as a simple on/off switch which allows power to be supplied to the solenoid or relay when closed. The logic of the circuit 1s controlled by application programs running on the local HP 1000. 

A series of nonlinear optical (NLO) donor-aceptor chromophores containing a fused dithienothiophene (DTT) as electron relay have been synthesized and investigated. The compounds Dj-OTT-Aj 75, D -DTT-A2 76, and D -DTT-A3 77 have shown high thermal stability, which is significant for their use as the active components in optoelectronic devices <2004CEJ3805, 1999JMC2227>. 

WIN 64821 (10) and (—)-ditryptophenaline (11) syntheses [7], not only effectively differentiated the two amide moieties but also most importantly marked the first in a series of stereochemical transfer steps in which the stereochemistry of the constituent L-amino acids was relayed to ultimately define each of the relative and absolute stereochemical configurations at all eight stereogenic centers found in the target compound. Finally, /V-methylation of the base-sensitive amide in 77 % yield using methyl iodide and potassium carbonate in acetone completed the 5-step synthesis of our key tetracyclic bromide monomer starting from commercially available amino acid derivatives. 

From a study of the protonation of various 5-X-substituted thiophene-2-carboxamides in aqueous H2SO4, it has been concluded that the thiophene nucleus is more efficient than the benzene ring in relaying the electronic effects of substituents to the reaction centre (80JCS(P2)172l). This follows from the fact that the p-value for the thiophene series (-1.16) is larger than that for benzamides (-0.956). 

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