Relative positive deviation

Synergistic viscosity effects in binary HPMC/NaCMC mixtures were expressed as the relative positive deviation (RPD) ... 

Figure 8. Synergistic effect of HPMC/NaCMC blends. Relative positive deviation (RPD) In 1% polymers solution as a function of relative amount of HPMC In the blend at different shear rates.

Solubility Properties. Fats and oils are characterized by virtually complete lack of miscibility with water. However, they are miscible in all proportions with many nonpolar organic solvents. Tme solubiHty depends on the thermal properties of the solute and solvent and the relative attractive forces between like and unlike molecules. Ideal solubiHties can be calculated from thermal properties. Most real solutions of fats and oils in organic solvents show positive deviation from ideaHty, particularly at higher concentrations. Determination of solubiHties of components of fat and oil mixtures is critical when designing separations of mixtures by fractional crystallization. 

Isaeva [181] described a phosphomolybdate method for the determination of phosphate in turbid seawater. Molybdenum titration methods are subject to extensive interferences and are not considered to be reliable when compared with more recently developed methods based on solvent extraction [182-187], such as solvent-extraction spectrophotometric determination of phosphate using molybdate and malachite green [188]. In this method the ion pair formed between malachite green and phosphomolybdate is extracted from the seawater sample with an organic solvent. This extraction achieves a useful 20-fold increase in the concentration of the phosphate in the extract. The detection limit is about 0.1 ig/l, standard deviation 0.05 ng-1 (4.3 xg/l in tap water), and relative standard deviation 1.1%. Most cations and anions found in non-saline waters do not interfere, but arsenic (V) causes large positive errors. 

The difference between A obsd and caic might be due to a specific salt effect on the rate constant for solvolysis. However, this is unlikely because perchlorate ion acts to stabilize carbocations relative to neutral substrates.At high concentrations of sodium bromide, the rate-limiting step for solvolysis of 1-Br is the capture of 1 by solvent (ks Scheme 5A). Substitution of Br for CIO4 should destabilize the carbocation-like transition state for this step relative to the starting neutral substrate, and this would lead to a negative, rather than positive deviation of obsd for equations (3A) and (3B). 

The applied condition represents a relatively large positive deviation of the single-electrode potential for a cathode from the oxidation potential of the redox couple [R]/[0], For a single-electron reaction at room temperature, the above criterion for the deviation Ec — E corresponds to RJInF = 0.026 V, and one would therefore expect the simplification that leads to eq 13 to hold true for most of the overcharge situations encountered in practical applications. 

Quantitatively, the enhanced reactivity of hydroxylamine, as well as oximate and hydroxamate ions and also other a-nucleophiles, is expressed as a positive deviation on a Br0nsted-type rate-basicity (pX a) ploh i-e. log k vs pTsTa - This is illustrated in Figure 1 for oxygen nucleophiles and in Figure 2 for nitrogen nucleophiles. It is important to note that the reactivity of the a-nucleophile is considered relative to a normal nucleophile of the same Brpnsted basicity. ... 

Relative standard deviations (coefficient of variance (CV)) of the position and the intensity are calculated to demonstrate reproducibility. 

Since relative distances are considered in this formula, small positive deviations from zero-activity for the hydrogenolysis have strong impact on the similarity value. 

The horizontal lines indicate the position on which the layer lines would fall if there were exactly 49 subunits in three turns in the TMV axial repeat. The circles show the positions the Bessel function terms take assuming 49.02 subunits in three turns. The vertical deviations from the solid lines give an indication of the magnitude of the layer line splitting. The horizontal positions indicate the relative positions of the Bessel function terms along the layer lines each term can only contribute to diffraction further from the meridian than the positions marked. 

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