Rearing metals

In a mirror-polished metal electrode substitute for the tungsten electrode we have a smart mirror. A similar photodetector-actuator automatically darkens a smart mirror in a car when a rear car uses high-beam lights. 

Fig. 1. Effects of front brick volume on cold-start emissions at various poison penetration depths (underfloor converter location front brick with 225 g/fl Pd loading + 6 in. rear brick with 90 g/ft noble metal loading).

Here we briefly show how this novel imaging technique can be used to perform multi-energy X-ray imaging with a comparable spatial resolution. To this purpose, we will show some results obtained from laser irradiation of a target consisting of three metallic layers obtained from galvanic deposition of Cr and Ni on a Fe substrate. The first layer (laser side) was 1.2 pm thick Cr, the middle layer was a 10.9 pm thick Ni, and a third layer (on the rear side) was a 10 pm thick Fe. 

A plausible mechanism for the Ru-catalyzed process is illustrated in Scheme 10. With terminal styrenes such as 40, reaction begins regioselectively with the formation of metal-carbene 42 (Scheme 10) [18]. Subsequent rear-... 

The Ultratect foam from BASF is used as the core with glass fibre reinforced polypropylene skins for the sandwich rear seat backrest of the M3 CSL sports car by BMW. The weight saving is 50% versus a metal part. 

Electrically switchable rear-view mirrors for cars and trucks have been in commercial production since the early 1990s, the leading company being the Gentex Corporation. The Gentex mirror consists of an ITO-glass surface, with the conductive side inwards, and a reflective metallic surface, spaced less than a millimetre apart. In the gap between these two electrodes is the solution electrolyte that is coloured at the anode by formation of the stable radical cation, similar to Wurster s... 

The Donnelly Corporation have also devised a rear-view mirror using an hybrid system. A metal oxide electrochromic layer is used in conjunction with a non-elec-trochromic reversible redox complex in the contacting solution. ... 

Gas bubbles in liquid metals and in fluidized beds have been the subject of special studies because of their practical importance and because of the experimental difficulties associated with studying bubble properties in opaque media. Much of the work has been carried out in so-called two-dimensional columns, where a sheet of liquid or fluidized particles, typically 1 cm thick, is confined between two parallel transparent walls. Bubbles span the gap between the front and rear faces and can be observed with backlighting. 

Fig. 12.4. Single-tube STM. The tube piezo scanner is adhered inside a sturdy metal cylinder, which sits on three screws on the base plate. The two front screws make the coarse approaching. The rear screw makes fine approaching by using the two front screws as the pivot axis. The rear screw is actuated by a stepping motor for automatic approaching. The preamplifier (not shown) is mounted directly on top of the metal cylinder to eliminate the microphone effect of the coaxial cable between the tip and the input of the preamplifier. The entire unit is rigid enough that a mediocre vibration isolation device can provide atomic resolution. (After Hansma et al., 1988.)...

A metal plate ("driver ) of mild steel or brass was propelled explosively against a similar plate ("target ) on which was resting a sample layer of explosive backed by a further layer of an inert solid. When the driver plated velocity was sufficiently high, this process generated a steady "overdriven detonation wave in the explosive unless (or until) it was overtaken by the rarefaction from the rear of the driver plate. The shock transit times thru each layer of the system were measured to determine tne transmitted shock or detonation velocities. 

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