Reaction of hypohalous acids and their derivatives

The reactions of the hypohalous acids with olefins are kinetically complex, but some features can be discerned. In each case, a kinetic term 

One of the complications in these studies results from adventitious acid formed by substitution reactions. In this case a new chlorinating species may be introduced, viz. 

However, acid catalysis is observed (by perchloric acid) in conditions where no halide ion is present and where the conjugate base of the acid is non-nucleophilic. This provides the rate term 

The significance of this kinetic form is the basis of considerable discussion, since it point towards the formation of species such as CIOH2+ and CI+, whose reality has been held in question. 

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