Reaction coordinate diagram for

Figure 5-3 is the reaction coordinate diagram for Fig. 5-2. Note the region of the maximum potential energy on the reaction coordinate this region assumes great importance in kinetic theory. At this point the reacting system is unstable with respect to motion along the reaction coordinate. However, at this same point the system possesses minimum energy with respect to motion along dashed line cd. This portion of the reaction coordinate is called the transition state of the reaction. (This concept was introduced in Fig. 1-1.)...

Figure 5-3. Reaction coordinate diagram for the potential energy surface of Fig. 5-2.

Figure 5-7. Reaction coordinate diagram for Fig. 5-6. The final state is more stable than the initial state, and the transition state is reactantlike.

Figure 5-9. Free energy reaction coordinate diagram for System 2 of Table 4-3, the formation of a cyclodextrin inclusion complex.

Let us now sketch the reaction coordinate diagram for the complex reaction of Scheme U, where R represents the reactant state, P the products, and I an intermediate. 

Figure S-10. Hypothetical free energy reaction coordinate diagram for Scheme 11 (TS = transition state).

We will follow Murdoch s development. Figure 5-16 shows schematic reaction coordinate diagrams for a reaction series of varying product stability. It is evident that a at the transition state varies with AG for the reaction. We will assume a linear relationship. 

The low efficiency of exchange in water can be explained by postulating that the ion-molecule pair (8.13 in Scheme 8-10) is almost completely trapped by water molecules, i.e., the first intermediate reacts so easily with this more strongly nucleophilic species that the reaction of the second intermediate (8.14) with N2 is not detectable. Therefore, the reaction coordinate diagrams for the dediazoniation in TFE and in water may be visualized as shown in Figure 8-4. 

One traditional depiction of a reaction coordinate diagram for the scheme A s= I - P. The peaks are meant to represent the transition states, and the minimum the intermediate I. This useful presentation. however, cannot be taken too literally since the abscissa is not defined (see text). 

Fig. 5. Potential energy-reaction coordinate diagram for an electron transfer reaction leading to a product adsorbed on the electrode surface.

Fig. 12. Energy-reaction coordinate diagram for electron transfer in solution when there is only weak interaction between the initial and final energy states.

Fig. 8. Reaction coordinate diagram for the bromination of tra/iM-methylstilbene (a) and trans-4,4 -bis(trifluoromethyl)stilbene (b).

Figure 1. Energy-reaction coordinate diagram for the acid-catalyzed hydration of phenylacetylene. The ordinate is not to scale (20).

Figure 2.4. Reaction coordinate diagram for a simple chemical reaction. The reactant A is converted to product B. The R curve represents the potential energy surface of the reactant and the P curve the potential energy surface of the product. Thermal activation leads to an over-the-barrier process at transition state X. The vibrational states have been shown for the reactant A. As temperature increases, the higher energy vibrational states are occupied leading to increased penetration of the P curve below the classical transition state, and therefore increased tunnelling probability.

Figure 7. Reaction coordinate diagram for the dehydrogenation of n-butane by Ni +. ...

Figure 11. Reaction coordinate diagram for elimination of H2 and CH4 in reaction of Co+ with isobutane.

Figure 16. Reaction coordinate diagram for the elimination of hydrogen and methane in the reaction of Co+ with 2-pentene.

Figure 13.10 A schematic free-energy versus reaction coordinate diagram for the 1,2 and 1,4 addition of hbr to 1,3-butadiene. An allylic carbocation is common to both pathways. The energy barrier for attack of bromide on the allylic cation to form the 1,2-addition product is less than that to form the 1,4-addition product. The 1,2-addition product is kinetically favored. The 1,4-addition product is more stable, and so it is the thermodynamically favored product.

Fig. 1. Reaction coordinate diagrams for chemical excitation processes 4>...

Figure 8.4 Hypothetical reaction coordinate diagrams for CO hydrogenation on Pd and Ni the dissociation of CO is more difficult on Pd, making methanol synthesis more favorable than methane formation, which requires C-0 dissociation, and is the preferred pathway on Ni...

Figure 6. Reaction coordinate diagram for Case 2 of the reaction of the monoamine-X ion with alkenol through ns and KR-complexes forming S, and R...

Fig. 2.7 Energy-reaction coordinate diagram for reaction (Z R energy of reactant ...

FIGURE 2. Tridimensional reaction coordinate diagram for the hydrolysis of I-X-4-Z-2.6-dinitrobenzene. The. v-axis represents the proton transfer reaction and the y-axis, the C—O bond formation78. Reproduced by permission of the Indian Journal of Technology... 

Fig. 16 Free energy/reaction coordinate diagram for proton transfer from the 4,6-bis(phenylazo)resorcinol monoanion to give the dianion in the presence of 2-methylphenol buffers at a 1 1 buffer ratio and at buffer concentrations of (a) 0.001 and (b) 0.10mol" dm. ...

Fig. 17 Free energy/reaction coordinate diagram for tyrosine activation [see (49)], with wild-type tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (E) and the Tyr-34 to Phe mutant (E ).

Fig. 7. Energetics of a bimolecular rate process. Top Representation of the potential energy surface along coordinate axes corresponding to the interatomic distance of B-to-C and A-to-B, where incremental displacements along the potential energy axis are shown as a series of isoenergetic lines (each marked by arbitrarily chosen numbers to indicate increased energy of the transition-state (TS) intermediate relative to the reactants). Bottom Typical reaction coordinate diagram for a bimolecular group transfer reaction.

Fig. 9. Reaction coordinate diagram for a catalyzed reaction involving two intermediate species and three transition states. The highest lying species X2 corresponds to the transition state (TS) of the reaction.

Figure 1. A hypothetical reaction coordinate diagram for an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction.

Fig. 6-11 Reaction coordination diagram for the reaction of a polymer radical wth a monomer. The dependence of the potential energy of the system (radical + monomer) on the separation between the radical and the unsaturated carbon atom of the monomer is shown. The subscript. indicates the presence of a substituent that is capable of resonance stabilization. Activation energies are represented by the solid-line arrows heats of reaction, by the broken-line arrows. After Walling [1957] (by permission of Wiley, New York).

FIGURE 6-2 Reaction coordinate diagram for a chemical reaction. 

FIGURE 19-22 Reaction coordinate diagrams for ATP synthase and for a more typical enzyme. In a... 

Fig. 2. Simplified schematic image of the reaction coordinate diagram for excited chromophores of PYP and Rh undergoing the twisting and the coherent vibrations.

Sketch encrgy/reaction coordinate diagrams for ligand-substitution reactions in which products are more stable than reuci.int. and... 

Fig. 30. Schematic representation of energy vs. reaction coordinate diagrams for (a) an EE mechanism, (b) a CECEC mechanism (see text). ------, E = E° ------, E < E° ...

Figure 92 (a) Structural mechanism for the hydroxylation of monophenolic substrates by oxytyrosinase (b) reaction coordinate diagram for associative ligand substitution at the copper site of tyrosinase... 

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