Raw material extraction

Intelligent engineering can drastically improve process selectivity (see Sharma, 1988, 1990) as illustrated in Chapter 4 of this book. A combination of reaction with an appropriate separation operation is the first option if the reaction is limited by chemical equilibrium. In such combinations one product is removed from the reaction zone continuously, allowing for a higher conversion of raw materials. Extractive reactions involve the addition of a second liquid phase, in which the product is better soluble than the reactants, to the reaction zone. Thus, the product is withdrawn from the reactive phase shifting the reaction mixture to product(s). The same principle can be realized if an additive is introduced into the reaction zone that causes precipitation of the desired product. A combination of reaction with distillation in a single column allows the removal of volatile products from the reaction zone that is then realized in the (fractional) distillation zone. Finally, reaction can be combined with filtration. A typical example of the latter system is the application of catalytic membranes. In all these cases, withdrawal of the product shifts the equilibrium mixture to the product. 

Raw Material Extraction Methods Feed (g) (i.c. %) Sample Preparation p.s. Ill Bioactive Compound T P Extraction Conditions f.r. t c-s. Recovery (%) Ref. 

We examined all processes (from raw material extraction, production, and shipping) for succinic acid, 1,4-butanediol, and starch purchased as intermediate materials and examined Bionolle production plant, product distribution, and disposal after use for each of the two Bionolle t3q>es used in this study naphtha-derived neat Bionolle and starch-Bionolle compound. For disposal after use, only carbon emissions from Bionolle after biodegradation were taken into account. Disposal treatment was disregarded because the materials can be placed in landfills without treatment. Carbon from starch was disregarded, since we ignore CO2... 

Once a product assembly has been defined, SimaPro can immediately calculate the so-called LCI results or inventory table (Table 18.5). This is a list of all raw material extractions and emissions that occur in the production of the assembly and the materials and processes that link to it. SimaPro enables the LCI results to be specified as one table or per compartment, such as airborne or waterborne emissions. The LCI results provide the most detailed level of specification. At this step of LCA, it is not easy to interpret these long lists of data, as it is unclear what the environmental relevance of each raw material extraction or emission is. ISO 14042 on impact assessment specifies a number of procedures that can be used to achieve a better understanding of LCI results. 

Life Cycle Analysis A procedure which involves assessing the impact of a product or material throughout its life cycle - i.e., from raw material extraction or production through manufacture and use, to disposal or recovery. Also called Life Cycle Assessment. 

Size and separation capacities of the extraction units have to be determined arithmetically. Knowledge of the required amount of solvent is not only important for processing, but also for the subsequent work-up of the extract. Since natural spices and drug extracts constitute complex mixtures, a significant constituent is here selected for calculation purposes and is determined in raw material, extract and residue. 

Table IV. Total Global Exports of Botanical Raw Materials, Extracts and...

As depicted in Figure 1, a life-cycle inventory may involve all stages in production, use, and disposal, including raw material extraction, transportation, primary processing, conversion to finished products, incorporahon into finished products, maintenance and repair, and disposal. The system boundary (indicated by the dashed line) dehnes those operahons to be included in the inventory of environmental impacts. 

In these databases, chemical products are typically inventoried applying cradle to gate boundaries, which means that only the first half of the life cycle is included from raw material extraction (cradle) until the product is ready to be sold in the market (gate). It is thus necessary to include in the life cycle the distribution, use and end of life as waste. 

Land use [28,29] Duration and type of manmade occupation and change of land Area used for crop production, raw material extraction, etc. 

An industrial process basically involves extraction and exploitation of materials from the natural resource base and creation of useful products. Figure 1 illustrates activities extending over the entire chain of events, from raw material extraction or pre-processing, through the manufacturing processes themselves, right up to disposal of the discarded products. At each stage in the process there will be wastes, which will enter into the environment as pollution. 

In addition to the raw material extractions described above, R-134a can also be used to good effect in other processes of value in the flavor and fragrance sector such as reduction of the terpenic compound levels in citrus products in... 

---