Radicals by Cathodic Reduction

Radicals are frequent intermediates in anodic coupling, substitution or addition of neutral compounds via radical cations [139]. In these conversions the radical cation is either deprotonated to a radical or reacts with a nucleophile to a distonic radical cation [140]. In most cases, however, the intermediate radical is further oxidized to a cation that undergoes deprotonation (elimination) or solvolysis. 

Stable nitroxyl radicals can be oxidized to -oxo-ammonium salts that are selective oxidants for alcohols and other substrates [141]. Their redox potentials have been modeled by AM1-SM2 calculations ]142]. 

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