Radical precursor, intermediate formation

Homoallylic alcohols are also suitable for controlling the introduction of an alkyl chain, as shown by the synthesis of the diterpenoid atractyligenin61, The starting tricyclic alcohol is converted to the selenocarbonate, a suitable radical precursor. Treatment with tributyltin hydride initiates the stereoselective cyclization which affords the bridged lactone system, an intermediate in the diterpenoid synthesis. Due to the low cyclization rate, tributyltin hydride is added slowly to suppress the formation of noncyclized reduction products. 

With this substrate (28) the ring closure can be conveniently accomplished with either stannyl or sulfanyl radicals with no concomitant formation of the six-membered-cyclization quinoline product, which is present instead, or is predominantly formed, in all of the reaction mixtures obtained with group other than TMS. At the same time, both radical precursors, that is, stannane and thiol, can serve as nucleophiles for the intermediate indolenines 29 and 31, which are trapped to give the final substituted indoles 30 and 32 with high efficiency. 

Several benzo-fused tetrahydropyrans have been prepared either from aryl-propanhydroperoxides in the presence of iron(II) and copper(II) salts, from the corresponding arylpropanol either by oxidation with FeS20g, or in a photochemical reaction with iodine and mercury(II) oxide (type III radical precursors). These reactions are considered to proceed via alkoxyl radical intermediates which add to the aromatic part of the molecule. Subsequent C- or O-migration in spirocyclized intermediates affords substituted chromanes. However, ionic cyclizations may significantly interfere with the key step of the C-O bond formation [57-59]. 

The link between the dioxymethylene function and P450 inhibition, the requirement for catalytic activation of the inhibitor, and the fact that the dioxymethylene group is oxidized implicate this function in the inhibitory events. An inhibitory role has been postulated for free radical, carbocation, and carbanion intermediates, but formation of the carbene from the bridge-hydroxylated metabolite or from its radical precursor is most consistent with the results (Figure 7.12). Substituents other than an alkoxy group on the dioxymethylene group suppress complex formation The retention of... 

Upon dissolution of the catalyst precursor in MeOH one of the axial AsPhs ligands dissociates, generating the active pentacoordinate [Co(Hdmg)j(AsPh3)J catalyst, denoted by Co . The key intermediate is the superoxocobaloxime derivative Co (02), which abstracts an H-atom from the ap substrate via an H-bonded species X. The aminophenoxyl radical (ap ) produced is further oxidized to o-benzoquinone monoimine (bqmi), which is an intermediate on the path to apx formation. EPR studies provide evidence for formation of the ap free radical as intermediate. ... 

The reactions of the diazine radicals with O2 were studied at the B3-LYP/6-311-1- G level (Scheme 59) [00JPC(A)6088]. Formation of dioxiranyl radical intermediates was found to be the most important pathway from the peroxy precursor. DFT-derived geometric parameters of pyrimidiniumolate are in good agreement with experimental data obtained for 1,2,3,5-tetraphenylpyrimidiniumolate [97MI1]. 

The rate-determining step in the formation of the x-lithio ethers is the formation of a carbon radical as a precursor to the anion. The intermediate radical in the tetrahydropyranyl system is expected to be nonplanar, to be capable of rapid equilibration between the quasiequatorial and quasiaxial epimers, and to exist largely or entirely in the axial configuration at — 78 °C. However, treatment of the a-phenylthio ether 4 with LDMAN at higher temperature in the presence of A, A, lV, ./V -tetramethylethylenediamine leads to the more stable equatorial epimer of the lithio ether 5 and, after addition to benzaldehyde, the axial- and equatorial-substituted products were obtained in a ratio of 13 87. 

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