Quadrapole

Note that in mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) applications, quadrupole and magnetic sectors can be used together advantageously. It is also worth noting that the quadrapole can be operated without the DC voltages. In this RF-only mode, no mass separation occurs, and these quadrapoles are used as ion transmission guides, described in Chapter 49. 

Under the influence of the varying electric fields, +(U + Vcostot) and -(U + Vcostot), the resultant electric potential (F) in the x-y plane (transverse direction) of the quadrapoles is given by Equation 25.1. 

Miscellaneous. NIST has a reference database of criticaUy evaluated x-ray photoelectron and Auger spectral data, which is designed to mn on PCs. It is searchable by spectral lines as weU as by element, line energy, and chemical data (82). The Nuclear Quadrapole Resonance Spectra Database at Osaka University of over 10,000 records is avaUable in an MS-DOS version (83). The NCLl system, SDBS, has esr and Raman spectra, along with nmr, ir, and ms data, as described. 

Method abbreviations D-AT-FAAS (derivative flame AAS with atom trapping), ETAAS (electrothermal AAS), GC (gas chromatography), HGAAS (hydride generation AAS), HR-ICP-MS (high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), TXRF (total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), Q-ICP-MS (quadrapole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)... 

Fig. 7.79 Quadrapole splitting QS versus isomer shift S in gold (I) and gold (III) compounds (from [342])...

Joarmon S, Pin C (2001) Ultra-trace determination of Ra in thermal waters by high sensitivity quadrapole ICP-mass spectrometry following selective extraction and concentration using radium-specific membrane disks. J Anal At Spectrom 16 32-37... 

Figure 9. Xenognosin B was chemically ionized (CH, 150 °C) and the (M+l)+ ion quadrapole selected and subjected to collision activation decomposition (N2) to give the mass spectrum.

All MS/MS data was obtained on a Finnigan 3200 spectrometer modified for triple quadrapole work. 

For large enough asymmetries the homogeneous state becomes unstable towards formation of either the LOFF phase - a superconducting state with nonzero center-of-mass momentum of the Cooper pairs, or the DFS phase - a superconducting state which requires a quadrapole deformation of Fermi surfaces. A combined treatment of these phases in non-relativistic systems shows that while the LOFF phase corresponds to a local minimum, the DFS phase has energy lower that the LOFF phase. These phases break either the rotational, the translational or both symmetries. 

Bradley, C.D. Curtis, J.M. Derrick, P.J. Wright, B. Tandem MS of Peptides Using a Magnetic Sector/Quadrapole Hybrid-the Case for Higher Collision Energy and Higher Radio-Frequency Power. Anal. Chem. 1992, 64, 2628-2635. 

Fig. 4.42. Stability diagram for the quadrapole ion trap. The points collected on a common line mark the alq values of a set of ions. Each line results from different settings of the UIV ratio. Reproduced from Ref. [137] by permission. John Wiley and Sons, 1989.

Lawson, G. Todd, J.F.J. Radio-Frequency Quadrapole Mass Spectrometers. Chem. Brit. 1972,8,373-380. 

Dawson, P.H. Quadrapole Mass Analyzers Performance, Design and Some Recent Applications. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1986,5,1-37. 

B. A. Properties and Performance of a Quadrapole Mass Filter Used for Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 1998,181, 67-87. 

Amad, M.H. Houk, R.S. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry With a Multiple Pass Quadrapole Mass Analyzer. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70,4885-4889. 

March, R.E. Quadrapole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Theory, Simulation, Recent Developments and Apphcations. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1998, 12, 1543-1554. 

Forbes, M.W. Sharifi, M. Croley, T. Lausevic, Z. March, R.E. Simulation of Ion Trajectories in a Quadrapole Ion Trap a Comparison of Three Simulation Programs. J. Mass Spectrom. 1999, 34, 1219-1239. 

Dawson, P.H. Whetten, N.R. Nonlinear Resonances in Quadrapole Mass Spectrometers Due to Imperfect Fields. I. Quadrupole Ion Trap. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 1969, 2,45-59. 

Hashimoto, Y. Hasegawa, H. Yoshi-nari, K. Collision-Activated Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation in a Quadrapole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 2003, 75,420-425. 

McLuckey, S.A. Glish, G.L. Cooks, R.G. Kinetic Energy Effects in Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry Using a Sector/Quadrapole Tandem Instra-ment. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 1981, S9, 219-230. 

Heinen, H.J. Hotzel, C. Beckey, H.D. Combination of a Field Desorption Ion Source With a Quadrapole Mass Analyzer. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 1974,13, 55-62. 

Gierlich, H.H. Heinen, H.J. Beckey, H.D. The Application of Quadrapole Mass Filters in Field Desorption Mass Spectrometry. Biomed. Mass Spectrom. 1975, 2, 31-35. 

However, the rapid decay of Fe(II) protoporphyrin IX DME in benzene where no axial ligands are present indicates that energy levels between the ir > ir transitions are available even without axial ligands. Based on the temperature independent quadrapole splitting in the Mossbauer spectra Dolphin et (21 ) have concluded that there are no low-lying exciteJ states in the square planar Fe(II) octaethylporphyrins. Calculations by Zerner and Gouterman (2 ) and Zerner (23) show that the d orbitals are... 

The nuclear quadrapole resonance spectrum of 3-chloro-5-aryltriazoles (absorption at 36.80 0.4 MHz) is in accord with the tautomeric structure (16) <82CHE637> and in agreement with earlier studies. " N Quadrapole coupling tensors have been determined for triazole in the solid state and agree with theory and with earlier determinations <85CPH103>. 

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