Pursuing Propagating Errors

A pH/Ion-meter with a resolution of only 0.1 mV is not sufficient because the ensuing quantization noise introduces an apparent deviation of at least 0.2%, and, more important in this particular case, these systematic effects lead to a bias that is strongly dependent on small shifts in 0. (See Fig. 4.24, left side.) 

An electromechanical burette should be used that delivers volumes V2 with an accuracy of about 0.05 ml, or better. 

The preceding simulation can be varied within a reasonable parameter space the critical experimental conditions should be noted, and appropriate experiments made to confirm the model. 

The salt of a carbonic acid A is contaminated by traces of water and a second organic acid B. The content of the three components is determined as in Table 4.24. 

The number of replicate determinations and the typical relative standard deviations are noted, along with the average analytical response. Note that X is given in [%] How pure is A The answer is found as follows  

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