Protein-tyrosine kinases

Genome sequencing revealed approximately 100 human PTP genes [2], compared with 90 human protein tyrosine kinase genes, suggesting similar levels of complexity among the opponents. The catalytic domain... 

Phospholipids Glossary Adaptor Proteins Tyrosine Kinases... 

Protein tyrosine kinases Nonreceptor tyrosine kinases Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases Tyrosylprotein kinase Hydroxyaryl-protein kinase... 

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are enzymes (EC 2.7.1.112) that catalyze the transfer of the y-phosphate group of ATP to tyrosine residues of protein substrates. The activity of PTKs is controlled in a complex manner by posttranslational modifications and by inter- and intramolecular complex formations. 

Hubbard SR, Till JH (2000) Protein tyrosine kinase structure and function. Annu Rev Biochem 69 373-398... 

Levitzki A (2000) Protein Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors as Therapeutic Agents. 211 1-15 Li G, Gouzy M-F, Fuhrhop J-H (2002) Recognition Processes with Amphiphilic Carbohydrates in Water. 218 133-158 Li X, see Paldus J (1999) 203 1-20... 

There is evidence for immunosuppressive effects of PAHs in rodents (Davila et al. 1997). For example, strong immunosuppressive effects were reported in mice that had been dosed with benzo[fl]pyrene and 3-methyl cholanthrene, effects that persisted for up to 18 months (Environmental Health Criteria 202). Multiple immu-notoxic effects have been reported in rodents, and there is evidence that these result from disturbance of calcium homeostasis (Davila et al. 1997). PAHs can activate protein tyrosine kinases in T cells that initiate the activation of a form of phospholipase C. Consequently, release of inositol triphosphate—a molecule that immobilizes Ca + from storage pools in the endoplasmic reticulum—is enhanced. 

The photo-Arbuzov rearrangement of allyl-, benzyl- and naphtylmethyl-phosphites (Scheme 13), first developed by Bentrude et al. [20], found applications in the preparation of phosphonates (70-90%) [38]. Arylphosphonates have been shown to act as protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors [39] or non-hy-drolyzable analogs of phosphorylated tyrosine residues [40]. 

Like all immunoreceptor family members, FceRI lacks intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. IgE and antigen-induced crosshnking of FceRI initiates a complex series of phosphate transfer events via the activation of non-receptor Src, Syk and Tec family protein tyrosine kinases (fig. 1). The Src family kinase Lyn, which associates with the FceRI p subunit in mast cells, transphosphorylates neighboring FceRI ITAMs after receptor aggregation [7, 26]. Once phosphorylated, the p chain ITAM binds to the SH2 domain of additional Lyn molecules, while the phosphorylated y chain ITAM recruits Syk to the receptor complex, where it is activated by both autophosphorylation and phosphorylation by Lyn [2, 7,15, 26]. 

CUSHMAN M, NAGARATHMAN D, BURG D L and GEAHLEN R L (1991) Synthesis and protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity of flavonoids analogues Journal cjf Medicinal Chemistry 34, 798-806. 

ATLURU s, ATLURU D (1991) Evidence that genistein, a protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibits CD28 monoclonal antibody stimulated human T-cell proliferation. Transplantation. 51 448-50. 

Activation of Protein Tyrosine Kinases by Chemokines Relevance to T-Lymphocyte Migration... 

Russo R, Navarra M, Rotiroti D, Di Renzo G. Evidence for a role of protein tyrosine kinases in cell death induced by gpl20 in CHP100 neuroblastoma cells. Toxicol Lett 2003 139(2-3) 207-211. 

Yoshida H, Koga Y, Moroi Y, Kimura G, Nomoto K. The effect of p561ck, a lymphocyte specific protein tyrosine kinase, on the syncytium formation induced by human immunodeficiency vims envelope glycoprotein. Int Immunol 1992 4(2) 233-242. 

Hubbard, S. R., Mohammadi, M., and Schlessinger, J., Autoregulatory mechanisms in protein-tyrosine kinases, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 11987-11990, 1998. 

Receptors that Associate with Protein Tyrosine Kinases.254... 

Mode of Activation of Nonreceptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases.256... 

RECEPTORS CONTAINING PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASES 8.2.1 Cross-Linking of Receptors Causes Activation... 

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