Property Damages

Many events result in injnry as well as damage and also involve near miss incidents, all outcomes of one event. 

After the contact and exchange of energy, Inck again plays a role in determining the outcome of the contact. The outcome could be injury to people, damage to property, harm to the environment, or process interrnption, or a combination. We have no control over the outcome of the contact. Once the process is in motion, no control activity whatsoever can determine the ontcome, which could be minor injury, serious injury, negligible, or severe damage to property or even death. 

If the contact results in an injnry, we are again dependent on luck. The injury may be minor, disabling, or fatal. The outcome of the exchange of energy and subsequent injury is fortuitous and depends on luck. The end result of a contact cannot be predicted or controlled. Contact safety controls (at the time of the energy exchange), such as personal protective eqnipment, safety belts, and vehicle air bags, contribute to help reduce the severity of injuries that are hard to predict. 

One of the three major ontcomes of a contact is property damage. Accidental property damage is damage cansed by an accident, which does not result in injury or business disruption. Many safety programs do not call for the reporting or investigation of these damage accidents, which in most cases also have potential to cause injury to employees under different circnmstances. 

The damage is usually a result of a contact and exchange of energy greater than the resistance of the object. Property damage can inclnde damage to buildings, floors, equipment, machinery, and material. 

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Dow Fire and Explosion Index. The Dow Eire and Explosion Index (3) is a procedure usehil for determining the relative degree of hazard related to flammable and explosive materials. This Index form works essentially the same way as an income tax form. Penalties are provided for inventory, extended temperatures and pressures, reactivity, etc, and credits are appHed for fire protection systems, process control (qv), and material isolation. The complete procedure is capable of estimating a doUar amount for the maximum probable property damage and the business intermptionloss based on an empirical correlation provided with the Index. 

The net index is used with correlations provided to determine the maximum probable property damage and business intermption loss in the event... 

Health and safety of personnel and loss prevention are paramount concerns of the chemical iadustry. Injuries and property damage have high costs, not the least of which are busiaess iatermption and loss of trained personnel or equipment. Over the years, worker fataUties have decreased and lost time has leveled, but property losses have iacreased. 

Combining Tort and Contract Advantages. Two methods were available to allow plaintiffs an easier road to recovery. Courts either stripped the tort action of the necessity for estabUshing fault, or interpreted the UCC in such a way that privity was not necessary and the other Code defenses were not appHcable to cases involving personal injury or property damage. Either way a manufacturer would be open to dkect suit without the... 

The goals of the F EI are to raise awareness of loss potential and identify ways to reduce potential severity and potential dollar loss in a cost-effective manner. TLe index number has significance as a comparison and in calculations to estimate the maximum probable property damage (MPPD). It also provides a method for measuring tbe effect of outage (plant being shut down) on the business. It is easy for users to get credible results with a small amount of training. 

B) Comprehensive General Liahility Insurance (including contractual lia-hility, products, and completed operations) with a hodily injury, death, and property damage combined single limit of (X) per occurrence and... 

Tier 2 Future liability costs, such as remedial actions, personal injury under the OSH A regulations, property damage, etc. 

Potential property damage, product loss, and business interruption costs if an incident occurs. 

Critical II May cause severe injury, major property damage, or major system damage. 

Minor IV Does not cause injury, property damage, but m,ay result in unscheduled maintenance or repair. 

Garrison, 1989, Large Property Damage Losses in the Hydrocarbon-Chemical Indus,... 

On May 30, 1970, a tank truck partially filled with liquefied oxygen exploded after making a delivery in a hospital in Brooklyn, New York. The force of the explosion and subsequent fires caused the deaths of the driver and bystander. Thirty other people were injured and substantial property damage resulted. 

At 6 30 A.M. on June 21, 1970, fifteen railroad cars, including nine cars carrying liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), derailed in the town of Crescent City, Illinois. The derailment caused one of the tanks to be punctured, then release LPG. The ensuing fire, fed by operating safety valves on other cars, resulted in ruptures of tank cars, followed by projectiles and fireballs. No fatalities occurred, but 66 people were injured. There was extensive property damage. 

Factory Mutual Research Corporation. 1990. Guidelines for the estimation of property damage bom outdoor vapor cloud explosions in chemical processing facilities. Technical Report, March 1990. 

Garrison, W. G. (1989). Large Property Damage Losses in the Hydrocarbon-Chemical Industries A Thirty Year Review (12th ed.). Chicago Marsh and McLennan Protection Consultants. 

Oppau Disaster. An expin which occurred in Oppau, Ger, on Sept 21, 1921, killing 509 people, injuring 1917, and causing enormous property damage. The catastrophe was caused hv the use of HE to break up a hard mass of fertilizer consisting of a mixt of AN and Amm sulfate. This method had always been practiced at Oppau because it was believed at that time that AN could not be detond unless a combustible material was aiso present, and, in fact, about 20000 charges of HE had been previously used in a similar manner without incident... 

Preventive measures are those activities aimed at reducing the frequency of event occurrence. In the case of process plant explosions and fires, preventive measures will have additional benefits, including reduction in risk to the process plant equipment, and reduced property damage and business interruption costs. 

Determining the value of potential benefits from risk reduction is relatively straightforward for tangible losses such as property damage, business interruption, and increased insurance costs. However, intangibles such as loss of reputation are difficult to estimate and must be considered on a case-by-case basis. In addition to increased staff costs associated with public relations, items such as possible employee attrition due to low morale and possible loss of market share must be considered. 

An estimate of the replacement value of the equipment within the exposed area is then made, and combined with by the damage factor to estimate the Base maximum probable property damage (Base MPPD). 

The Maximum probable property damage (MPPD) is then calculated by multiplying the Base MPPD by a Credit control factor. The Loss control credit control factors, see Table 9.6, allow for the reduction in the potential loss given by the preventative and protective measures incorporated in the design. 

Base Maximum Probable Property Damage — (Base MPPD) [4x5] MM... 

Because closure and postclosure activities can be very expensive, the TSDF standards require owners and operators to demonstrate financial assurance. These provisions also require all TSDFs to set aside funds in order to compensate third parties for bodily injury and property damage that might result from hazardous waste management operations. 

Space and time scales can be combined to draw the distinctions between the risks due to these two types of release. Acute risks are usually associated with immediate effects of a release occurring within hours of the accident and confined to within a few kilometers or less of its location. Examples of this class of events are spills, fires, explosions and their effects such as property damage, traumatic injury, or sudden death. 

Insurance coverage can be also connected with the liability system. But, for what concerns the consequences of climate change, such as impacts of property damage from extreme weather events, the assignment of liability is a very complex topic. See Reference [12]. 

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