Properties of Chemical Equilibrium

The thermodynamics of magnetic systems have a solid theoretical foundation for example, in the case of ideal gases, the conventional pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) basis is replaced by the magnetic field- 

The range of mass susceptibilities is 10 to 10 (per kilogram, at 20°C) typical experimental values of magnetic moments are 1.9 (Cu2+) 3.2 (Ni ) 5.0 (Co ) 5.2 (Fe ) and 5.9 (Fe ) Bohr magnetons. In a gradient of field, the magnetic force acting on a compound with the dissociation constant in an aqueous electrolyte may be written as 

The smallness of the susceptibility effect is equally evident in an early study of magnetically modified reaction equilibria, where the expression for the equilibrium constant 

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In talking about thermodynamics and the properties of chemical equilibrium constants it is very difficult for chemists to avoid attempts to include the influence of forces between molecules on the magnitude of the equilibrium constant and differences between observed equilibrium constants. For the purpose of this chapter, it is convenient to talk first about the equilibrium constant and the macroscopic properties of matter which affect it first. Next, the reader will be introduced to the concept of forces between molecules, their relative magnitude and influence is separations. 

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