Product types

The current trend is to move away from compositional legislation to a much freer approach in which carbohydrates and other nutritional components can be used at will and additives are taken from positive lists of functional components. Other ingredients are frequently controlled by negative usage (i.e. they must not be present or must not exceed closely defined limits). 

This move to remove controls on formulations is backed by informed labelling that contains almost every imaginable kind of information for the consumer. This approach is now used throughout the world with only relatively minor variations from country to country. 

At the time of writing, in a European country a soft drink label must contain the following information  

The declaration of the quantity of key ingredients (fruit or fruit juice in soft drinks) has become law through quantitative ingredient declaration regulations in Europe, and where artificial sweeteners and carbohydrates are used together, an appropriate statement is necessary. A warning about the product being a source of phenylalanine must be incorporated when aspartame is used as a sweetener. 

Because legislation is in most countries a rapidly changing sphere, it is essential for those formulating, producing and marketing soft drinks to update themselves regularly in relation to the legislation of consumer countries. 

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In the industrial combustion sector, for a total French market of 6 Mt in 1993, the distribution between the four product types was as follows f/o ... 

The basic condition of the Standard application - the availability of stable coupled probabilistic or the multiple probabilistic relations between then controlled quality indexes and magnetic characteristics of steel. All the probabilistic estimates, used in the Standard, are applied at confidence level not less than 0,95. General requirements to the means of control and procedure of its performance are also stipulated. Engineers of standard development endeavoured take into consideration the existed practice of technical control performance and test at the enterprises that is why the preparation of object control for the performance of nondestructive test can be done during the process of ordinary acceptance test. It is suggested that every enterprise is operated in correspondence with direct and non-destructive tests, obtained exactly at it, for detailed process chart and definite product type, however the tests have long since been performed after development of the Standard displayed that process gives way to unification. 

Although the black inks are predominantly based on mineral oil, colors are almost entirely formulated with a soya bean oil vehicle. The superior printabHity of colors and economics of blacks guide the selection of product types by the market. Recently developed low mb blacks offer smudge-resistant print. Their share of the market is growing rapidly. The low mb characteristics of these inks are produced through the use of low stmcture carbon black. The addition of resin further enhances the smudge resistance but imposes a premium price. 

Temperature and Product Yields. Most oil shale retorting processes are carried out at ca 480°C to maximize liquid product yield. The effect of increasing retort temperature on product type from 480 to 870°C has been studied using an entrained bed retort (17). The oil yield decreased and the retort gas increased with increased retorting temperature the oil became more aromatic as temperature increased, and maximum yields of olefinic gases occurred at about 760°C. Effects of retorting temperatures on a distillate fraction (to 300°C) are given in Table 6. 

Table 6. Effect of Retorting Temperature on Product Type ...

The primary difference in shale oils produced by different processing methods is in boiling point distribution. Rate of heating, as well as temperature level and duration of product exposure to high temperature, affect product type and yield (28). Gas combustion processes tend to yield slightly heavier hquid products because of combustion of the lighter, ie, naphtha, fractions. 

Table 7. Range of Prices for Various Polyamides and Their Primary Product Types...

Fabric Softening. The use of quaternary surfactants as fabric softeners and static control agents can be broken down into three main household product types rinse cycle softeners tumble dryer sheets and detergents containing softeners, also known as softergents. Rinse cycle softeners... 

Product type 1992 Value, x 10 1992—1997 Annual growth rate, % ... 

Sales of salt for regenerating ion-exchange water softeners have grown steadily in the United States, particularly in terms of revenues. The U.S. salt industry is mature and sales are not likely to increase rapidly. The dry salt industry in the United States and Canada has undergone consoHdation during the 1990s. The number of producers has continued to decline as the major salt producers have acquired smaller operations. Table 6 shows the total amount, including salt in brine, of salt sold or used in the United States for the period 1990—1994. The amount of salt sold or used in the United States in 1994 by product type is (9) ... 

Industrial sterilization cycles tend to vary considerably, not only from manufacturer to manufacturer, but often from product type to product type, depending on the bioburden present on a given load. Chemical indicators have historically been used only to differentiate between sterilized and nonsterilized packages. More recent developments have resulted in the availability of chemical dosimeters of sufficient accuracy to permit their appHcation either as total monitors or as critical detectors of specific parameters. 

Calcium carbonate is one of the most common filler/extenders used in the paint and coatings industry. Consumer and contractor paint formulas can include products from submicrometer size to coarse mesh sizes. The main function of calcium carbonate in paint is as a low cost extender. It is also used to improve brightness, appHcation properties, stabiHty, and exposure resistance. Coarse products help to lower gloss and sheen or even provide textured finishes. The selection of product type and particle size is deterrnined by the desired performance and cost of the coating. 

Fig. 1. United States agricultural crop markets for manufactured controlled release fertilizers, 1990. (a) Total percentage ( 14 million) of market value by crop and (b) total percentage (6,800 t) of consumption by product type. IBDU is isobutyUdene diurea PCF, polymer-coated fertilizer UF,...

Proteins. Proteias are especially significant ia imitation dairy foods with respect to nutritional and physical properties of the product (5). The relative significance of the nutritional quaUty of the proteia depends upon product type and the extent to which the product contributes to the total proteia iatake of a given population. Thus, proteia quaUty is extremely important ia imitation milk, significant ia imitation cheese, and less significant ia coffee whiteners and whipped toppiags. 

Table 8. Estimated Worldwide Enzyme Consumption by Product Type, 1990 ...

Among the verity of PP those containing flavonoids and lipophilic plant ingredients were selected as widely used and rather labile. Sample preparation varied to accommodate certain product type. Samples were chromatographied on Sorbfill HPTLC plates in saturated twin trough chamber. 

When an aryl substituent is placed at C-5 of a 4-substituted cyclohexenone, a new product type containing a cyclobutanone ring is formed. 

Each of these product types will be discussed, including the method of application, the type of substrates that are bonded by each approach, and one or more typical adhesive formulations. In order to understand the adhesive cure mechanism, a brief review of the common urethane reactions is needed. 

The Chemical Industries Association is the UK chemical industty s leading trade and employer organization and embraces all the industty s trade sectors, product types and business activities. 

Mineral wool is perhaps the best known of the whole range of insulation types. It is widely used in all sectors of industry, transport and building for thermal, acoustic and fire-protection purposes. There is a common misconception that mineral wool is a specific product type - it is not. Mineral wool is a generic name for a range of man-made non-metallic inorganic fibers. The following definitions should help to clarify the situation ... 

Variable-speed machinery For machinery and process systems that have a wide range of operating speeds, the data sheet should provide a minimum and maximum speed that can be expected during normal operation. In addition, a complete description of other variables (e.g., product type) that affect the machine s speed should be included. For example, a process line may operate at 500 feet per minute with product A and 1000 feet per minute with product B. Therefore, the data sheet must define all of the variables associated with both product A and product B. 

In principle, the selection of dispersion equipment for a given purpose is very simple. The obvious choice is the one that will give the required degree of dispersion most economically. In practice it is not so easy. Availability of equipment, the nature of the raw materials, mill-base formulation, batch size, product type and the time available all influence the decision of which machine to use. 

These test procedures and standards are subject to change, so it is essential to keep up to date if one has to comply with them. It may be possible to obtain the latest issue on a specific test (such as a simple tensile test or a molecular weight test) by contacting the organization that issued it. For example, the ASTM issues new annual standards that include all changes. Their Annual Books of ASTM Standards contain more than seven thousand standards published in sixty-six volumes that include different materials and products. There are four volumes specifically on plastics 08.01-Plastics 1 08.02-Plastics 11 08.03-Plastics III, and 08.04-Plastic Pipe and Building Products. Other volumes include information on plastics and RPs. The complete ASTM index are listed under different categories for the different products, types of tests (by environment, chemical resistance, etc.), statistical analyses of different test data, and so on (56,128,129). 

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