Private competitive advantage

Before discussing the research gap, there are several terms that need to be clarified including cooperation, coordination, integration, and collaboration value creation and value appropriation common benefits and private benefits and collaborative advantage and competitive advantage. 

In contrast, collaborative advantage is joint competitive advantage and come from a relational rent, a common benefit that accrues to collaborative partners (Dyer and Singh 1998). This type of rent cannot be generated individually by either collaborative partner. In addition, Lavie (2006) model extends prior research on joint value creation in dyadic alliance by considering unilateral accumulation of spillover rents that produce private benefits. 

Market structure advantage Conq)etition in the medical industry is much more intense in Southeast Asian countries than in western countries, where hospitals are state-owned and most of the health care sector is highly regulated. In Asia private hospitals are common and preferred by high-skilled doctors and nurses. Even public hospitals are competitive. Competition comes from medical centres run by entrepreneurial doctors. In Europe private hospitals are rare and mandatory medical insurance prevents competition between health institutions, leaving few ince n-tives for hospitals to provide additional nursing and related convenience services. 

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