Primitive mantle normalization

Fig. 2. Representative primitive mantle-normalized diagrams for samples from the Baguio District. Normalising values of Sun and MacDonough (1989).

The primitive mantle-normalized trace-element spider diagram of felsic rocks shows negative Sr and Eu anomalies that are indicative of either plagioclase restite or plagioclase fractionation resulting from a combination of the partial melting and fractional crystallization processes (Fig. 5), and later changed by hydrothermal alteration. 

Primitive mantle-normalized data show negative Eu and Sr in the feisic volcanic rocks. These negative anomalies are attributed to plagioclase fractionation and/or feldspar destructive hydrothermal alteration and removal of Eu during deposit formation. 

Figure 13 Primitive-mantle normalized La/Sm versus La for MORE from three Ocean basins. Numbers in parentheses refer to the number of samples from each ocean basin. Lanthanum concentrations vary by about two orders of magnitude La/Sm varies by more than one order of magnitude. Data were extracted from PETDB.

Figure 14 Primitive-mantle normalized La/Sm versus Nd/ Nd for MORE from three ocean basins. The (weak but signihcant) negative correlation is consistent with the inference that the variations in La/Sm in the basalts are to a...

Primitive mantle-normalized trace-element patters 132... 

REE (Eigure 10), thorium and zirconium (Figure 11). Conventional, chondrite-normalized REE patterns are shown in Eigures 12-15 for whole rocks and in Eigures 18 and 22 for cpx. Primitive mantle-normalized trace-element patterns are shown in Eigures 16 and 17 for whole rocks and Eigure 21 for minerals. 

Figure 18 Primitive mantle normalized trace-element abundance patterns for whole-rock MARID xenoliths from kimberlites. Primitive mantle values used for normalisation in this plot and subsequent plots are those of McDonough and Sun (1995) (sources Pearson and Nowell, 2002 Gregoire et al, 2002).

Figure 20 Primitive mantle normalized extended PGE patterns (including rhenium) for cratonic whole-rock garnet peridotite xenoliths from the Letseng kimberlite (Lesotho) (sources Irvine, 2002 and Pearson et al., 2004).

Figure 28 Primitive mantle normalized REE and multi-element patterns for amphiboles from mantle xenoliths. Vein amphibole and disseminated ampbibole data from off-craton spinel Iberzolite xenolitbs (Ionov and Hofmann, 1995 Ionov et al, 1997). MARID ampbibole data from Gregoire et al. (2002). 

Figure 30 Primitive mantle normalized multielement patterns for carbonates from mantle xenoliths, modified from Ionov and Harmer (2002). Data shown as points are from Mongolia peridotite xenoliths, compared to carbonates in xenoliths from Kerguelen, Tanzania, and Patagonia. See Ionov (1998) and Ionov and Harmer (2002) for data sources.

Other elements are also uniquely partitioned into specific mantle mineral phases. Eor example, potassium, rubidium, and barium partition preferentially into phlogopite (Schmidt et al, 1999). Relative depletions in the abundances of these elements on primitive mantle normalized trace-element plots (see later sections) can therefore serve as evidence of residual phlogopite in the source region of basaltic rocks. Amphibole can also sequester potassium and barium, as well as... 

Figure 9 Primitive mantle normalized trace-element abundances for kimberlites and orangeites. Normalization values from Sun and McDonough (1989). Average OIB and lAB data from Sun and McDonough (1989) and McCulloch and Gamble (1991), respectively. High- and low-Ti basalt fields from Figure 11 (data from Table 1).

Figure 15 Primitive mantle normalized trace-element abundance for continental flood basalts (data from Table 3).

Figure 2 Primitive-mantle normalized minor and trace-element diagrams for (a) the upper, middle, bulk, and lower continental crust (values from Table 1), and (b) oceanic and island arc basalts and the bulk continental crust (all normalizing values are from McDonough and Sun, 1995). The oceanic basalts (N-MORB, normal mid-ocean ridge basalt and OIB, ocean island basalt) are from Sun and McDonough (1989), whereas the arc basalts are from Turner et al. (1997) (Tonga-Kermadec arc) and Pearce et al. (1995) (South Sandwich arc).

Figure 17 (a) Chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns and (b) primitive-mantle normalized trace element... 

Figure 7 Primitive mantle normalized multi-element plot showing the average composition of high-MgO lavas (komatiites and picrites) and basalts from various parts of the CCOP, plotted along with average N-MORB values (dashed line) and a compositional Held for the OJP. Data sources are as for Figure 5. Primitive mantle normalizing values and N-MORB from Sun and McDonough (1989).

Figure 13 Plots to show the geochemical variation of lavas from the early Cretaceous lavas derived from the Kerguelen plume, (a) Initial Sr/ Sr vs. initial eNd and (b) primitive mantle normalized multi-element plots showing averaged data for ODP drill sites. A compositional field for the OJP (Mahoney et al, 1993a,b) is shown on both diagrams. Data sources Rajmahal—Kent et al. (1997) Bunbury— Frey et al. (1996) ODP sites—Salters et al.

Fig. 4. Geochemistry of the greenstone belt volcanic rocks. Data are from Scholey (1992) and Brake (1996) for the Belingwe belt, from Horstwood (1998) for the Midlands belt, and from Tomschi (1988) and Jelsma (1993) for the Harare belt. (Note the difference in geochemical fingerprint of the basalts, andesites and rhyodacites of the Belingwe, Midlands and Harax belts in terms of MgO contents and primitive mantle-normalized incompatible elements.) Normalizing values are after Wood (1979) and Yb after Holm (1985).

A primitive mantle normalized trace element diagram appears to use a rather random set of trace elements. 

FIGURE 4.15 (a) Primitive mantle-normalized compositions for the present day upper continental crust and average Archaean upper crust, from McLennan et al. (2005). The comparison show the relative enrichment in incompatible elements in present-day upper continental crust (see Text Box 2.2). (b) The secular change in Th/La ratio in the upper continental crust is from the compilation by Plank (2005). The grey bands are the Archaean and post-Archaean averages from Taylor and McLennan (1985). 

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