Primary energy demand

Figure 260. Primary energy demand for vapour compression and absorption chillers...

Total primary energy demand 2512x10 5J consisting of coal 1035x10 5J oil 1318x10 5J natural gas 159x10 5J... 

Figure 3.2. Development of primary energy demand for different world regions since 1965 and demand projections until 2030 (BP, 2006 IEA, 2006 UNPD, 2006), excluding non-commercial biomass for developing countries.

Although in principle stationary and transport-specific energy chains can be analysed, here the assessment of the latter is explained in more detail, and is then referred to as well-to-wheel (WTW) analysis. The primary focus of WTW analysis in Europe is on global environmental impact, i.e., greenhouse-gas emissions expressed as C02-equivalents. Other issues of interest are (a) primary energy demand (which equals resource utilisation), (b) local pollutant emissions and (c) full energy or fuel supply costs. Well-to-wheel analysis covers the entire fuel supply chain from feedstock extraction, feedstock transportation, fuel manufacturing and fuel distribution to fuel use in a vehicle. 

As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, biomass energy is already a substantial contributor to commercial primary energy demand. Market penetration is significant and is expected to increase. A comparison of U.S. consumption of biomass energy in 1990 with projections for 2000 (Table 2.9) (Klass, 1994) shows that consumption in 2000 is expected to be about 50% greater. This assessment is based on the following assumptions Noncrisis conditions prevail the U.S. tax incentives in place continue and are not changed no... 

Projections of market penetrations and contributions to primary energy demand by biomass can contain significant errors. It is important, therefore, to keep in mind that even though some of these projections may turn out to be incorrect, they are still necessary to assess the future role and impact of renewable energy resources. They are also of great help in deciding whether a potential renewable energy resource should be developed and commercialized. 

It is obvious that the production efficiency of the methanol vectors is lower than gasoline production efficiency, due to the conversion of the primary energy (hydro)electric power to a completely different energy carrier. As shown in Fig.l the primary energy demand for the production of methanol is 9.5 (conc.-C02) and 11.4 kWh/1 methanol (air-C02). This is corresponding to an efficiency for the fuel generation of 45.8 and 38.1%, respectively... 

The National Power Survey projections of electric power generation, when translated into primary energy demand based on energy conversion efficiencies now demonstrated and anticipated during the next several years, indicate a continuing growth in fuel consumption in the form of... 

Total national primary energy demand of all forms is expected to increase dramatically over the next 20 years. The Nation s projected gas... 

Figure 5.1. Total primary energy demand in Denmark.

Figure 1.4 World primary energy demand per year, 1970—2030. Mtoe represents 10 tonnes of oil equivalent, which is a convenient unit for comparing very large quantities of energy in different forms 1 Mtoe = 4.18 x 10 TJ. Other sources quote oil production in mega barrels ( 1 Mb = 10 barrels) or giga barrels (1 Gb= 10 barrels) see Figure 1.5. There are 7.3—7.4 barrels per tonne, as dictated by the density of the oil.

The world hydrogen production today is 500 10 Nm which corresponds to 2 % of the world s primary energy demand. Most part of it, 97 %, is produced from fossil fuels. 

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