Primaiy emission

Emissions from semihard (Table 3.2-9) calendered materials and especially from PVC tiles are much fewer and lower. The primaiy emissions from a calendered PVC flooring are l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-ethanol and 1,2-propanediol. Semihard PVC flooring also frequently emits phenol, which may derive from the stabilizers (Saarela et al., 1989). 

Large photooxidant concentrations occur in the tropical city, Mexico City, and in Sao Paulo in the southern hemisphere (see Table 1). In the tropics biomass burning is an important source of the emission of ozone precnrsors aside from fossil fuel combustion. It is believed that ozone concentrations as high as 100 ppb observed in Sonth Africa are mainly caused by the primaiy emission of biomass burning. 

Heat is transferred by radiation, condurtion, and convection. Radiation is the primaiy mode and can occur even in a vacuum. The amount of heat transferred for a given area is relative to the temperature differential and emissivity from the radiating to the absorbing surface. Conduction is due to molecular motion and occurs within... 

Tropical forests and savannas are the primary source of C emissions that originate from biomass burning (73, 75). However, temperate forests are also sources of atmospheric carbon. Harmon et al. (77) reported that conversion of primary temperate forests to younger, second-growth forests lead to increases in atmospheric CO2 levels, due to losses in long-term carbon storage within these forests. They ascertained that timber exploitation of 5 million hectares of primaiy forests in the Pacific Northwest of North America during the past century has resulted in the addition of 1,500 Tg of C to the atmosphere. 

Absolute sputter yield values refer to the number of secondary ion species removed per incoming primary ion. In the case of atomic emissions, these become atoms removed/incident primaiy ion or atoms/ion. For molecular emissions from cluster ion impact, these become molecules/cluster. Note 1 nA equates to 6.28 X 10 ions passing some point in space per second. 

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