Pressure nano-bubbles

The AI-H2O reaction increases the temperature and the number of moles of gas in the bubble by the production of H2 molecules. The pressure in the bubble is thereby increased. As a result, the bubble energy and shock wave energy are increased. It must be understood that the oxidation of aluminum powder is not like that of gaseous reactants. Reaction occurs at the surface of each aluminum particle and leads to the formahon of an aluminum oxide layer that coats the particle. The oxidized layer prevents the oxidation of the interior particle. The combustion efficiency of aluminum parhcles increases with decreasing particle size.l =l The shock wave energy and bubble energy are increased by the use of nano-sized aluminum powders. 

A number of methods exist to simulate dispersed multiphase flows. When choosing a particular simulation method, it is important to consider first the relevant length scales. The most obvious length scales are, from large to small, the dimensions of the confinement (equipment dimensions), the dimensions of the discrete elements (particles, bubbles, or droplets), and the mean free path of the molecules in the continuous fluid phase. The molecular mean free path ranges firom less than a nanometer in a liquid to the order of 100 nm in a gas at ambient pressure. Discrete molecular effects such as Brownian forces and molecular slip conditions are therefore very important in nanofluidic and small microfluidic devices (Hadjiconstantinou, 2006). They are also very important for the dynamic behavior of nano (structured) particles in gas flows and colloidal particles suspended in a liquid. In these... 

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