Preparation of Alkyl- and Arylpyrazines

C-Alkyl- and C-arylpyrazines are most generally prepared by primary syntheses, which have been discussed in Chapter II they may also be prepared by alkylation (or arylation) of pyrazines at nuclear or side chain carbon atoms, and by decarboxylation of alkyl carboxy pyrazines. 

Detailed discussion of the preparation of a variety of alkyl- and arylpyrazines by primary syntheses, principally from aliphatic components, appears in Chapter II. These include, for example, the preparation of 2,5-disubstituted and 2,3,5,6-tetrasubstituted alkyl- and arylpyrazines from a-amino carbonyl compounds, which may be produced by many methods such as reduction of a-hydroxyimino carbonyl compounds, aminolysis of a-halogeno carbonyl compounds, oxidation of a-amino 

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