Predator avoidance tadpoles

Hokit, D. G., and Blaustein, A. R., 1995, Predator avoidance and alarm-response behaviour in kin-discriminating tadpoles (Rana cascadae). Ethology 101 280. 

Lardner, B., 1998, Plasticity or fixed adaptive trails Strategies for predation avoidance in Rana arvalis tadpoles, Oecologia 117 119. 

Petranka, J.W. 1989. Response of toad tadpoles to conflicting chemical stimuli predator avoidance versus optimal foraging. Herpetologica 45 283-292. 

Manteifel, Y., 1995, Chemically-mediated avoidance of predators by Rana lemporaria tadpoles, J. Herpetol 29 461. 

Many organisms rely on anti-predator defenses after contact with a predator (Brodie, Formanowicz Brodie, 1991). Because energetic costs and mortality risks are increased during contact, some species avoid these interactions whenever possible. A number of animals chemically detect and avoid predators, including invertebrates (Parker Shulman, 1986 Alexander Covich, 1991 Turner, 1996), fish (Keefe, 1992 Smith, 1992 Mathis Smith, 1993), reptiles (Thoen, Bauwens Verheyen, 1986 Dial, 1989 Cooper, 1990), and mammals (Weldon, 1990). In anuran amphibians, tadpoles commonly avoid the waterborne odors of predators (Petranka, Kats Sih, 1987 Flowers Graves, 1997 Kie-secker, Chi vers Blaustein, 1997), and among caudate amphibians, both larval and adult... 

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