Polymerisation electrochemical/ultrasound

Investigations into the effect of ultrasound upon these polymerisation processes began in the mid 1980 s when Akbulut and Toppare [81] examined the potentiostatic control of a number of copolymerisations. In such copolymerisations initiation takes place once a potential in excess of the oxidation potential of either monomer has been applied. However, often potentials even higher than these are required due to the formation at the electrode of a polymer film. These films create a resistance to the passage of current in the bulk medium with consequent reductions in the possible electrochemical reactions and therefore reductions in the rate and the yield. The use of ultrasound has been rationalised in terms of its removal of this layer in a... 

Fig. 6.19. Effect of polymerisation potential (Epoi) on the isoprene content mol%) of electrochemically obtained isoprene-a methylstyrene copolymers o with ultrasound without ultrasound.

The application of ultrasound on electrochemical polymerisation of conducting polymers has also been studied. In particular the electrochemical polymerisation of thiophene has been carried out both in the presence and absence of ultrasonic waves [38, 39]. In the absence of ultrasound the anode potential increased with increasing current density. However, polymerisation at high potential gave a lower polymer yield and produced macroscopically heterogeneous films. Ultrasonic irradiation... 

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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ ]

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