Polarization partial molal

Concentrations will be expressed as mole fraction of a component or species /, x = nj/E nj as molality, mole per mass of solvent, mol kg or molarity, mole per volume of solution. The concentration scale will depend on the properties of the solutes (i.e., ionic, polar, nonpolar, etc.). Pressure, p, and the gas phase partial pressure of species i, / , will be expressed in bars (approximately equal to atmospheres). 

Polar hydrophilic components are represented in solution by ions, which do not exist in pure form. So, for them is used an unsymmetric system of standards where activity equal 1 in pure form has only the solvent. For the dissolved ions as standard state are accepted their hypothetical single-molar solutions with properties of infinitely diluted one. In particular, the concentration of polar component under standard conditions is characterized by values not of the partial pressure but of molality C° = 1 mole kg. ... 

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