Polar energy formula

We shall now show that the insertion energy may be cast into a form completely equivalent to Bom formula. This may be easily done by using the well known relationship between the electrostatic ion-solvent interaction energy and the electronic polarization energy [3,14], Namely... 

The usual way of evaluating the induction (polarization) energy is the well known formula ... 

The angular dependence of the coefficients C R, < a. < b) can be expressed in a closed form. The relevant formulae are obtained by asymptotic expansion of the polarization series truncated at some finite order. In practice such an asymptotic expansion is best performed by evaluating the polarization energies (as given by equations 9, 18, and 21) using the multipole expansion of the electrostatic potential l/ ri — r2. The latter expansion can be written in terms of either the Cartesian or the spherical tensors. The spherical formulation appears to be more popular because it leads much more easily to closed formulae and only this formulation will be considered in this article. Denoting by (r) the regular solid harmonic r Cim(0,), where Cim 0,) is the spherical harmonic in the Racah normalization and with the Condon and Shortley phase, one can write ... 

The correlation energy of a uniform electron gas has been determined by Monte Carlo methods for a number of different densities. In order to use these results in DFT calculations, it is desirable to have a suitable analytic interpolation formula. This has been constructed by Vosko, Wilk and Nusair (VWN) and is in general considered to be a very accurate fit. It interpolates between die unpolarized ( = 0) and spin polarized (C = 1) limits by the following functional. 

Continuum models have a long and honorable tradition in solvation modeling they ultimately have their roots in the classical formulas of Mossotti (1850), Clausius (1879), Lorentz (1880), and Lorenz (1881), based on the polarization fields in condensed media [32, 57], Chemical thermodynamics is based on free energies [58], and the modem theory of free energies in solution is traceable to Bom s derivation (1920) of the electrostatic free energy of insertion of a monatomic ion in a continuum dielectric [59], and Kirkwood and Onsager s... 

The first transition would be expected to be of higher energy than the second from simple atomic charge considerations. Because the two atoms are of equal abundance, the two peaks have essentially equal intensities. Unfortunately, the observation of two XPS peaks does not rule out the possibility of delocalized valence electrons in the ground state. Two transitions are expected even in that case because of polarization of the excited state by the core ionization 123 The ground state of a delocalized mixed valence compound can be crudely represented by the formula M-M, where the intermediate position of the dot indicates that the odd valence electron is equally shared by the two metal atoms. The two XPS transitions can then be represented as follows,... 

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