Planting systems in organic fruit production

The greater planting distances between the rows and within the rows are intended to achieve better ventilation and exposure to light. In organic production with more extensive orchards, the yields are often lower and the manual labour requirements are higher, because of lower planting densities and the high tree forms. 

Orchards with more than 4000-5000 trees/ha have very high establishment costs and increase the production risk. In many cases they do not achieve economically viable yields and make it difficult to produce quality fruit. In increasing the planting density on dwarfing rootstocks, the ecological requirements should be taken into account as well as the 

With small-crown tree forms and higher planting densities, the aims in organic production are similar to those in integrated production  

The following aspects should be borne in mind in choosing planting 

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