Pinnatal

Valerian is native to Europe and Asia, but now grows in most parts of the world. Valeriana officinalis is the most commonly known and studied, but approximately 200 species are known (figure 6.1) (Kowalchick and Hylton 1987). Unless otherwise specified, the name valerian will be used here to refer to V. officinalis. Valerian grows 50 to 100 cm in height, with an erect stem with pinnate leaves and numerous small pink-white flowers at the top. The parts of the plant used medicinally are the roots and rhizome (figure 6.2). 

Cocos nucifera is an unbranched monoecious plant of the PALMAE family. It grows to 30 m tall, with a crown of 25-35 pari-pinnate leaves, producing 12-16 new leaves per year. There is a central bud, which if cut off, leads to the death of tree. The trunk is... 

Leaves pinnately divided with all segments in the same plane sporangia on the flattened margins of the ultimate pinnules ... 

Leaves if pinnately divided then with the pinnae at an angle to the plane of the frond sporangia in pedicellate clusters borne... 

B Female sporophylls usually in cones, male sporophylls always in cones all strictly dioecious strobili terminal leaves always pinnately compound.Class Cycadeae.Order Cycadales... 

Seeds often arillate embryo fairly large leaves with marked pinnate nervation petals present ... 

Petals commonly present flowers usually not in aments or ament-like clusters, but if in aments or ament-like clusters then the ovary inferior and one-celled and the plant bearing pinnately compound leaves hypanthium mostly prominent. 

Disk tumid, united with the perianth, sometimes reduced endosperm usually none leaves usually pinnate. 

Pinnate Nervation The primary divisions of the nerve arranged along both sides of the common nerve of leaves or feather venation. 

Features Stem up to one foot high. Leaves alternate, divided pinnately into linear segments. Flowers large, yellow, solitary at termination of stem. Oval head of achenes succeeds flower. 

Features Stem erect, smooth, channeled, covered with exuded glaucous matter. Leaves alternate, twice pinnate. Flowers in June, terminal umbels. Fruits very small, compressed oval, marked on back in three ridges, with three dark lines (oil cells) between. Taste is distinctive, but recalls caraway. 

Features Stem erect, three to four feet, striated, smooth, freely branched. Leaves thrice pinnate, awl-shaped leaflets. Flowers (July and August) golden yellow, in broad, terminal umbels. Fruit oblong, cylindrical, slightly curved, half-inch long by one-tenth inch broad. Taste and smell, sweetish and aromatic. 

Features Stem weak, brittle, sometimes erect, sometimes trailing, six to twelve inches long. Leaves alternate, twice pinnate, bluish-green. Flowers (May to November) reddish-rose, several on stalk. 

Features Stem two feet high, thick, smooth, branched leaves, pinnate or lobed. Flowers (May) large, red, single, terminal. Transverse section of root is starchy, medullary rays tinged purple. Taste sweet, becoming bitter. 

Features Stalk up to six inches high. Leaves hairy, three to five inches long by two to three inches broad, bi-pinnate, leaflets opposite, stalked below. Flowers (April and May) large, single, six dull violet petals. Taste pungent when fresh. 

Features Stem erect, freely branched, three or four feet high, covered with small, straight, slender prickles. Leaves stalked, pinnate, with two pairs of ovate leaflets and larger terminal leaflet, rounded base, doubly serrate, pale green above, grey-white down beneath, about three inches long by two inches broad. Small white, pendulous flowers (May or June) in simple clusters. Astringent to the taste. 

Lobing and dissection (Fig. 7-llb) tend to decrease the effective length across a leaf in the direction of the wind and hence to reduce Sbl (Eq. 7.10), with a consequent increase of convective heat exchange. For instance, the heat convection coefficient hc (Eq. 7.17) increases with the depth of leaf serrations. In addition to differences in size, the greater lobing observed for sun leaves compared to shade leaves on the same plant further reduces the heating of sun leaves above air temperature. Also, heat convection is greater for a pinnate leaf with many leaflets than for a simple undivided (entire) leaf of the same area (Fig. 7-llb). 

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