Physics cosmic

Nuclear Physics, Cosmic Rays (I and II). W. Bo the and S. Fluegge Physics of the Electron Shells of Atoms and Molecules. K. Kopfermann Physics of Solids (I and II). G. Joos Physics of Liquids and Gases. E. Kappler Hydro- and Aerodynamics. A. Betz... 

P. M. S. Blackett (Manchester) development of the Wilson cloud chamber method and discoveries therewith in the field of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation. 

The composition of the Earth was determined both by the chemical composition of the solar nebula, from which the sun and planets formed, and by the nature of the physical processes that concentrated materials to form planets. The bulk elemental and isotopic composition of the nebula is believed, or usually assumed to be identical to that of the sun. The few exceptions to this include elements and isotopes such as lithium and deuterium that are destroyed in the bulk of the sun s interior by nuclear reactions. The composition of the sun as determined by optical spectroscopy is similar to the majority of stars in our galaxy, and accordingly the relative abundances of the elements in the sun are referred to as "cosmic abundances." Although the cosmic abundance pattern is commonly seen in other stars there are dramatic exceptions, such as stars composed of iron or solid nuclear matter, as in the case with neutron stars. The... 

Stardust February 7, 1999, saw the start of NASA s Stardust mission the cometary probe, the first mission to collect cosmic dust and return the sample to Earth, has a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (CIDA, Cometary and Interstellar Dust Analyser) on board. This analyses the ions which are formed when cosmic dust particles hit the instrument s surface. In June 2004, the probe reached its goal, the comet 8 IPAVild 2, getting as close as 236 km The CIDA instrument, which was developed at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching (near Munich), studied both cometary dust and interstellar star dust. 

In this article, we first discuss basic dating principles and then studies based on isotopes produced by cosmic radiation in extraterrestrial matter and in the earth s atmosphere. The discussions are intended to illustrate how analytical physical and chemical studies contribute to the understanding of processes in the environmental system and their history. 

Lai, D., Peters, B., Cosmic-ray produced isotopes and their applications to problems in geophysics, In Progress in Elementary Particle and Cosmic Ray Physics, North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, Vol. 6, p. 1-74, 1962. 

The advent of new techniques to collect undisturbed sediment cores, with well preserved sediment - water interface has brought into sharper focus the various deep sea sedimentary processes, their rates and their effects on the preserved records. As mentioned earlier, recent studies have shown that the record contained in sediments is not a direct reflection of the delivery pattern of a substance to the ocean floor as has so far been assumed the record is modified as a result of several complex physical, chemical and biological processes. Therefore, information on the temporal variations in the tracer input to oceans, if sought, has to be deciphered from the sediment-residuum. In the following we consider one specific example of retrieval of information from the sediment pile the application of deep sea sediments to obtain historical records of cosmic ray intensity variations. 

On the basis of the presented oscillator-wave model it is also possible to create heuristic models of the interaction of electromagnetic waves with plasma particles in the Earth s ionosphere and magnetosphere, heuristic models of the generation of powerful low-frequency waves in the space around the Earth when a cosmic electromagnetic background is present etc. High-efficient sub-millimeter emitter, built on this basis, could be suitable for radio-physical heating of plasma, e.g. in the experiments aimed the achievement of controlable thermonuclear reaction [ ] ... 

As follows from the previous analysis for quasi and ordinary particles gases there exists a critical value of parameters a and b for which the least value of the distribution function for observable frequencies is observed. From the physical point of view this is in agreement with the absolute minimal realization of the most probable state. As in any equilibrium distribution, there is an unique most probable state which the system tends to achieve. In consequence we conclude that the observable temperature of the relic radiation corresponds to this state. Or, what is the same, the temperature of such radiation correspond to the temperature originated in the primary microwave cosmic background and the primitive quantum magnetic flow. 

Rauscher T, Heger A, Hoffman RD, Woosley SE (2002) Nucleosynthesis in massive stars with improved nuclear and stellar physics. Astrophys J 576 323-348 Rayet M (1995) The p-process in type II supemovae. Astron Astrophys 298 517-532 Rayet M, Prantzos N, Amould M (1990) The p-process revisited. Astron Astrophys 227 271-281 Reedy RC, Arnold JR, Lai D (1983) Cosmic-ray record in solar system matter. Science 219 127-135 Rehkamper M, Halliday AN (1999) The precise measurement of T1 isotopic compositions by MC-ICPMS application to the analysis of geological materials and meteorites. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63 935-944... 

Of course (as always in a delicate subject like the present one) I have my own critiques on certain points in the presentation for instance, in Section 5.3.1, coalescence is attributed to the thermal nucleation of a pore between two adjacent droplets. For me, discussing this channel is like discussing the sex of angels. Nucleation, in most physical systems, does not occur via plain thermal fluctuations. It involves external defects a cosmic ray in a bubble chamber, or a dust particle in a condenser. I believe that the same holds for emulsions dust particles (or small surfactant aggregates) control coalescence. 

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