Physical or Chemical Atom

The striking difference between an atom as a physical entity, with an equal number of electrons and protons (thus in equilibrium), and the same atom 

FIGURE 4,3 The two energy curves (thick lines) for the quantum atom in (a) the apparent or reactive ground state and (b) the shifted or critical ground state (Putz, 2012a). 

Quantum Nanochemistty— Volume II Quantum Atoms and Periodicity 

The current line of work takes a step forward by employing the double variation of the parabolic energy curve of type (4.125) to provide the quantum (DFT) valence charge of an atom (say, A ) and to compare it either 

The consequences of the joint consideration of Bohmian mechanics and the golden ratio for the main atomic systems will be explored, and the quantum chemical valence state will be accordingly described alongside the so-called universal electronegativity and chemical hardness, refining the work of (Parr Bartolotti, 1982) as well as generalizing the previous Bohmian-Boeyens approach (Boeyens, 2005, 2011). 

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