Phthalocyanines applications

Shahrokhian, S. and J. Yazdani (2003). Electrocatal54ic oxidation of thioglycolic acid at carbon paste electrode modified with cobalt phthalocyanine Application as a po-tentiometric sensor. Electrochim. Acta 48(28), 4143 148. 

Coutanceau C, Rakotondrainibe A, Crouigneau P, Leger JM, Lamy C (1995) Spectroscopic investigations of polymer-modified electrodes containing cobalt phthalocyanine application to the study of oxygen reduction at such electrodes. J Electroanal Chem 386(1-2) 173-182... 

PhdialocyaiiiQe/3 74-5 J-, C22H gNg, compounds have found widespread acceptance ia a variety of applications. The discovery of iron phthalocyanine [132-16-1] and the elucidation of its stmcture led to the commercial appHcation of copper phthalocyanine [147-14-8] (1). 

Unsubstituted phthalocyanines can readily be purified by sublimation or by dissolution in concentrated sulfuric acid followed by precipitation in water. These classical methods of purification are applicable to phthalocyanines due to their high stability towards heat and acid. Simple washing or extraction procedures using water and organic solvents can also be used. 

Many Co11 porphyrins (87)110 131 and phthalocyanine complexes (102)110 have been examined for their ability to function as catalytic chain transfer agents and much mechanistic work has focused on the use of these catalysts. The more widespread application of these complexes has been limited because they often have only sparing solubility and they are highly colored. 

The elucidation of the structure of the phthalocyanines followed some pioneering research into the chemistry of the system by Linstead of Imperial College, University of London. The structure that we now recognise was first proposed from the results of analysis of a number of metal phthalocyanines, which provided the molecular formulae, and from an investigation of the products from degradation studies. Finally, Robertson confirmed the structure as a result of one of the classical applications of single crystal X-ray crystallography. 

The chemistry of the three most important chemical classes of organic colorants, the azo, carbonyl and phthalocyanine classes, has been dealt with individually in Chapters 3-5 respectively. In this chapter, the chemistry of a further five chemical classes which are of some importance for specific applications is discussed. These classes are the polymethines, arylcarbonium ion colorants, dioxazines, sulfur dyes and nitro dyes. A section of this chapter is devoted to each of these, each individual section contains a description of the principal structural features which characterise the particular colorant type, together with an outline of the chemistry of the main synthetic routes. There are many other chemical types of dyes and pigments that do not fall into the categories previously mentioned, but which are neglected in this text either because they are commercially of little importance or because they have been less extensively investigated. 

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