Phthalimides, synthesis

Phthalimide, 2, 75 7, 8, 78 Phthalimide synthesis, 7, 78 Phthalimido Malonic Ester, 7,78 Picric acid, 4,16... 

This method of amino acid synthesis is simple and uses methods we have already studied. The phthalimide synthesis can also be used to introduce the amino group. Remember that only racemic amino acids are produced by this method. 

Figure 4.12 Phthalimide synthesis in a high pressure and temperature ethanol-water mixture.

Better yields are generally obtained by the Gabriel phthalimide synthesis (Problem 11, p. 744) the a-halo esters are used instead of a-halo acids (Why ). A further modification, the phthalimidomalonic ester method, is a combined malonic ester-Gabriel synthesis. 

Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, 12, 10 Gattermann-Koch synthesis of an aldehyde, 12, 80 Gelatine, 12, 4... 

Phosphorus, 13, 60 Phosphorus oxychloride, 12, 66 Phosphorus pentachlorlde, 12, 12 Phosphorus tribromide, 13, 20 Phosphorus trichloride, 12, 16 Phosphorus trisulfidc, 12, 72, 73 Phthalic anhydride, 11, 88 13, 10 Phthalide syntheas, 13, 10 Phthalimide, 12, 10 Phthalimide synthesis, 12, 10 p-Phthalyl chloride, symmetrical,... 

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