Photoionization category

Several methods have been employed to measure the energy of this state in nonpolar liquids. The methods fall into three categories the change in work function of a metal when immersed in the liquid, photoionization, and field ionization. Of these, the latter, in which field ionization of high-lying Rydberg states is utilized to locate Fq, has in recent years provided what are considered to be the most accurate values of Fq in fluid Ar, Kr, and Xe. 

A majority of the studies of reactions (47, -47) have been carried out using flash photoIysis/UV detection of hydrocarbon radicals [96-98] or flash photolysis coupled to photoionization mass spectrometry [99, 100]. Both techniques have been discussed in previous sections. The experiments fall into two categories, those measuring only the forward reaction (which may be pressure dependent) and secondly direct studies of the equilibrium (47, -47). The details of some studies are tabulated in Table 2.7. 

Although most suitable for use with lasers, Thermionic diodes have also been successfully applied to synchrotron radiation studies by using wiggler magnets to enhance the intensity of the beam [390]. Last but not least, one should mention the important category of atomic beam experiments, complemented by the techniques of photoelectron and photoion spectroscopy. All these techniques are suitable for the experimental study of interacting resonances. We turn now to their theoretical description, which will be illustrated by experimental examples. 

Chemi-ionization reactions of the resonant states appear to form the simplest general category because of the applicability of near-resonance, long-range interaction models, in which the dipole transition moments of the noble gas A A( .9) radiative transition and the reagent photoionization transition determine the reaction cross section. The impact-parameter, linear trajectory form of this model of Watanabe and Katsuura has been applied jq chemi-ionization... 

Consumables and Sipplies - There are two items to consider under this cost category. The first is health and safety gear which include hard hats, safety glasses, respirators and cartridges, protective clothing, gloves, safety boots, and a photoionization detector monitor, all estimated at l,500/person. For two people this totals 3,(XX),... 

It is convenient to divide photodissociation and photoionization processes into two broad categories, i.e. direct processes and indirect processes. In this context, we note that unimolecular processes are essentially aU indirect. Direct processes are characterized by the instantaneous and smooth departure of the fragments on an unbound potential energy surface (PES), without any re-collisions. Direct processes are... 

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