Products petroleum

Petroleum products have a vast array of uses. In approximate order of importance the uses are as fuels for vehicles and industry, as heating oils, as lubricants, as raw materials in manufacturing petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, and as solvents. By a wide margin, most products derived from petroleum find use as fossil fuels to run vehicles, to produce electricity, and to heat homes and business. About 65% of the petroleum used as fuel is consumed as gasoline in automobiles. Thus, petroleum products are ubiquitous in the modem environment, which leads to contamination problems for both the environment and in sampling activities. 

Pentanes, hexanes, heptanes, octanes Central nervons system and hver 

Methylene chloride Central nervons system, respiratory system 

Methyl alcohol (methanol and toxic Optic nerve 

Ethylene glycol (and toxic metabolites) Central nervous system 

A petroleum refinery produces a wide variety of products the types of products and the respective volumes are dependent on the nature (properties and composition) of the petroleum feedstock and also on the configuration of the refinery. The products vary from gases to solids and the amount of each produced is dependent upon the requirements of the market. 

Fuel gas or refinery gas is produced in considerable quantities during the different refining processes and is used as fuel for the refinery itself and as an important feedstock for the petrochemical industry. 

Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) is frequently used as domestic bottled gas for cooking and heating, and forms an important feedstock for the petrochemical industry. It is also used in industry for cutting metals. 

Gasoline (also known as petrol in many parts of the world) is one of the more important refinery products. The final gasoline product as a 

Gasoline is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that boils below 200 C (390°F). The hydrocarbon constituents in this boiling range are those that have four to twelve carbon atoms in their molecular structure. Gasoline varies widely in composition, even those with the same octane number may be quite different. For example, low-boiling distillates with high aromatics content (above 20 percent) can be obtained from some crude oils. The variation in aromatics content as well as the variation in the content of normal paraffins, branched paraffins, cyclopentanes, and cyclohexanes all involve characteristics of any one individual crude oil and influence the octane number of the gasoline. 

Uses The results of exposure to petroleum and petroleum products during refining vary under different conditions. Petroleum products are transported from place to place in closed systems, but transport workers and refinery workers suffer from many health problems, including arterial diseases, digestive cancer, neurologic disorders, and death. Petroleum distillates and fractionation yield several compounds with multiple uses (Tables 9-1 and 9-2). 

Uses Crude oil is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic materials and contains paraffinic, aromatic, naphthenic, sulfur, and nitrogen-related compounds 

TABLE 9-1 Different Petroleum Distillates and Common Uses 

Mineral spirits (white spirit) Degreasing dry cleaning solvent 

Liquified or bottled gas Fuel gas petrochemical synthesis of rubber products 

Crude oil is treated by physical and chemical processes to produce the various petroleum products. The early use of oil was in the preparation of kerosene. This was accomplished by batch distillation which separated the mixture of hydrocarbons by boiling points (vapor pressure). The modem distillation process (see Fig. 3.5) is designed to operate continuously. The temperature gradient of the column separates the crude oil into fractions according to specific boiling point ranges. These are shown in Table 3.3. 

The demand for the various fractions in a crude oil seldom coincides with the distillation yields. Hence, it is necessary to chemically alter the various proportions of the natural oil fractions. This is called reforming and is accomplished by the use of various catalysts. The main reactions are  

These reactions are designed to provide the fuels required and the chemicals needed for the petrochemical industry. Another reaction which is important in reformulation is the removal of sulfur from the oil as H2S by catalytic reactions of Co and Mo on AI2O3. Nitrogen forms NH3 on Ni/Mo catalysts. 

The principal consumer of petroleum products is the transportation industry with the internal combustion engine (ICE) as the major application. This is shown in Table 3.4. The ICE includes the spark ignition and diesel engines, common for the automotive vehicle, and the gas turbine used for aviation and industrial applications. Each class of engine requires a special type of fuel. The heats of combustion of the fuels may not be significantly different, but the composition of the components and their rates of reactions with oxygen could determine its application. The characteristics of gasoline 

Gas Oils and Oiesel Oils I.uhricaling Oils Paraitin Waxes Fuel Oils 

Many types of ammunition are used for testing, training, and ceremonial purposes  

Charges, shaped without detonator, see Explosive Articles, p.69 

Propellant, single, double or triple base, see Explosives and Class /, p.74 

Explosive, see Explosives and Class 1, p.74 Flammable liquid, see Flammable Liquids and Class 3, p.96 

Occasionally the mound of unresolved components on the chromatogram supporting the superimposed n-alkane peaks confuse the true rt-aUcane profile. This has been overcome by separating off the n-alkanes using molecular sieves, prior to gas chromatography [493]. However, separation of n-alkanes in this way, or by urea complex formation 

Zafiron and Oliver [494] have developed a method for characterising environmental hydrocarbons using gas chromatography. Solutions of samples containing oil were separated on an open tubular column (15.2m X 0.05cm) coated with OV-101 and temperature programmed from 75 to 275°C at 6°C per minute helium (50mL min ) was used as carrier gas and detection was by flame ionisation. 

Rasmussen [495] has described gas chromatography methods for the identification of hydrocarbon oil spills. The spill samples are analysed on a 30.5m Dexsil-300 support coated open tube (SCOT) column to obtain maximum resolution. 

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Chapter 1. Composition of Crude Oils and Petroleum Products... 

Chapter r, COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OlLS AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS... 

Chapter 1. COMPOSITION Of CRUDE OILS AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 7... 

Nitrogen is incorporated in a hexagonal ring having three double bonds. The compounds in this family are those which can give a basic character to petroleum products and are thus a poison to acid catalysts. 

Corresponding to ASTM D 86 (NF M 07-002), this method applies to gasolines, kerosenes, heating oils, and similar petroleum products. 

The complexity of petroleum products raises the question of sample validity is the sample representative of the total flow The problem becomes that much more difficult when dealing with samples of heavy materials or samples coming from separations. The diverse chemical families in a petroleum cut can have very different physical characteristics and the homogeneous nature of the cut is often due to the delicate equilibrium between its components. The equilibrium can be upset by extraction or by addition of certain materials as in the case of the precipitation of asphaltenes by light paraffins. 

Incidentally, numerous petroleum products, particularly those coming from conversion processes, are unstable with respect to oxidation and oxygen analysis is meaningful only if great precautions are taken during sample withdrawal and storage. 

Knowledge of sulfur content in petroleum products is imperative the analytical methods are numerous and depend on both the concentration being measured and the material being analyzed. 

The petroleum industry faces the need to analyze numerous elements which are either naturally present in crude oil as is particularly the case for nickel and vanadium or those elements that are added to petroleum products during refining. 

The choice between X-ray fluorescence and the two other methods will be guided by the concentration levels and by the duration of the analytical procedure X-ray fluorescence is usually less sensitive than atomic absorption, but, at least for petroleum products, it requires less preparation after obtaining the calibration curve. Table 2.4 shows the detectable limits and accuracies of the three methods given above for the most commonly analyzed metals in petroleum products. For atomic absorption and plasma, the figures are given for analysis in an organic medium without mineralization. 

As the boiling points increase, the cuts become more and more complex and the analytical means must be adapted to the degree of complexity. Tables 3.4 and 3.5 describe the most widely used petroleum product separation scheme and the analyses that are most generally applied. 

Aside from its obvious qualitative functions, infrared spectrometry is applied to several other kinds studies of petroleum products. 

In straight-run petroleum products which do not usually contain olefins, four types of hydrogen can be easily differentiated as seen in the spectrum in Figure 3.10 ... 

The Reid vapor pressure characterizes the light petroleum products it is measured by a standard test (refer to Chapter 7) which can be easily simulated. 

The Reid vapor pressure is generally barely different from the true vapor pressure at 37.8°C if the light gas content —methane, ethane, propane, and butane— of the sample is small, which is usually the case with petroleum products. The differences are greater for those products containing large quantities of dissolved gases such as the crude oils shown in Table 4.13. 

Characteristics of Petroleum Products for Energy Use (Motor ftiels - Heating fuels)... 

In this chapter, we will discuss petroleum products used for energy purposes, that is, motor fuels and heating fuels. Chapter 6 will be devoted to other products such as special gasolines, lubricants, petrochemical bases, and asphalts. 

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