Permutit catalyst

Sulfonated styrene—divinylbensene cross-linked polymers have been appHed in many of the previously mentioned reactions and also in the acylation of thiophene with acetic anhydride and acetyl chloride (209). Resins of this type (Dowex 50, Amherljte IR-112, and Permutit Q) are particularly effective catalysts in the alkylation of phenols with olefins (such as propylene, isobutylene, diisobutylene), alkyl haUdes, and alcohols (210) (see Ion exchange). Superacids. 

The conventional resinsulfonic acids such as sulfonated polystyrenes (Dowex-50, Amberlite IR-112, and Permutit Q) are of moderate acidity with limited thermal stability. Therefore, they can be used only to catalyze alkylation of relatively reactive aromatic compounds (like phenol) with alkenes, alcohols, and alkyl halides. Nafion-H, however, has been found to be a suitable superacid catalyst in the 110-190°C temperature range to alkylate benzene with ethylene (vide infra) 16 Furthermore, various solid acid catalysts (ZSM-5, zeolite /3, MCM-22) are applied in industrial ethylbenzene technologies in the vapor phase.177... 

Permutit Q are effective catalysts for the alkylation of phenols with alkenes such as propene, isobutene and 2,5-dimethyl-2-hexene, and alkyl halides and alcohols. ... 

For many years after the fat hydrogenation process was introduced, manufacturers made their own catalysts when they were needed. Then, gradually, the nickel salt producers began to make the catalysts for operators. This improved quality and ensured more efficient operation. By 1928 the best catalyst supports were found to be kieselguhr or fuller s earth,charcoal, " and complex silicates such as permutite. Many other practical ideas were introduced such as ... 

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