Periodic crystals transition probability

Besides being desiccated and irradiated, microorganisms traveling in space will be exposed to space vacuum that can reach 10-14 pascal (a unit of pressure—100 Pa = 1 mbar).57 The result is extreme dehydration, and naked spores can survive for only days if exposed to space vacuum. Survival of spores is increased if they are associated with various chemicals such as sugars, or are embedded in salt crystals. Nicholson et al. (2000) discuss the various stresses that a microbial cell or spore would have to endure to survive interplanetary travel.58 They include the process that transports them out of Earth s atmosphere, such as volcanic eruptions and bolide impacts, long periods of transit in the cold of space, and atmospheric entry into a new planetary home. Spores have been shown to survive the shock conditions of a meteorite impact and the ultraviolet radiation and low temperature of space.59 It is clear that panspermia is possible and even probable if bacterial spores become embedded in rocks that are ejected from one planet and eventually enter the atmosphere of another. Bacterial... 

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