Patents and Products

A complete review of the patent literature related to reactive blending is beyond the scope of this volume. The reader is referred to the excellent volume by Utracki [I] where, in Appendix IV, one can find a chronological summary of Polymer Blend Discoveries and Development . 

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Companies would thus be practising cross-subsidies between products under patent and products whose patent has expired, in order to maintain their overall income. Other strategic responses are patent extension, the creation of second brands and subsidiaries of generics and the differentiation of the brand product through marginal innovations and promotion campaigns. 

Ness, J. Simonsen, 0. Symes, K (2003) Microcapsules for Household Products. Arshady, R. Boh, B. (eds) Microcapsule patents and products, MML series vol. 6, Citus Books. 

A Guide to Effective Project Management, Patenting and Product Registration... 

Research and development of vaccines and pharmaceuticals from biotechnology a guide to effective project management, patenting and product registration / Jens-Peter Gregersen. - Weinheim New York Basel Cambridge Tokyo VCH, 1994 ISBN 3-527-30059-7... 

The reaction of trimellitic anhydride (7) with ethanolamine (9) giving the hydroxy acid (10) and with 4,4 -diaminodiphenylmethane (8) giving the diacid (11) has been published in the first poly(ester-imide) patent [l].The second one is nowadays the predominant reaction for making poly(ester-imide)s. Trimellitic anhydride is the basic dianhydride for introducing the imide structure into the polyesters. Nearly every example in patents is based on trimellitic anhydride alone or mixtures with other anhydrides, e.g., tetrahydrophthalic anhydride [59]. The imides made from aromatic anhydrides are thermally more stable than the ones resulting from aliphatic structures (Fig. 4). Both types have been protected by patents, and products made from them are on the market. 

Zucker, L.G. and Darby, M.R. (2001) Capturing technological opportunity via Japan s star scientists evidence from Japanese firms biotech patents and products. /. Technol. Transfer, 26, 37-58. 

Arshady, R., B. Boh, Microspheres,microcapsule patents and products the art and science of microcapsules, patents and patent databases. Microcapsules Liposomes, 6, p. 1, 2003. 

Phenolic type AOs are very effective as thermal stabilizers as well as providing long-term environmental protection. The chemistry of this class of AOs is based on the well known food additive butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT). BHT is an effective AO for many polymers but its low MW and poor solubility in many polymers limits use. These limitations are overcome by the wide range of chemical structures all based on BHT that are commercially available. Cost of this class of AOs is falling as the various types come off patent and production in Asia steps up to meet demand. 

In 1986, there were approximately 150IPN patents and 15 products identified as interpenetrating polymer networks. This compares to 1979, when there were approximately 75 patents and only three IPN products. While much of the patent and product literature has been recently reviewed, a brief update is warrented. 

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