Pastoralists

Sparse (arid) includes oasis farming and scattered irrigation settlements, in many cases used by pastoralists to supplement their livelihoods. The boundary between pastoral systems and sparse farming systems is vague. 

Nor should we forget that the peasant cultivator or pastoralist lives year in and year out in the field of observation. He or she will likely know things that neither an absentee cultivator nor a research scientist would ever notice. Finally, as mentioned in the previous chapter, such a cultivator is always a member of a community that serves as a living, oral reference library for observations, practices, and experiments—a body of knowledge that an individual could never amass alone. 

Reid, R. S. and Ellis, 1. E. (1995). Impacts of pastoralists on woodlands in South Turkana, Kenya livestock-mediated tree recruitment. Ecol. Appl. 5, 978-992. 

Does the program implicitly or explicitly make participation difficult for those who have moved recently or who do so frequently, for example, immigrants, internally displaced people, migrant workers, and pastoralists ... 

Is the type of benefit appropriate, especially for In-kind benefits For instance, supplying roofing materials to pastoralists or school lunches that include pork to Muslim children would not be useful. 

Lentz, Erin, and Christopher Barrett. 2005. Food Aid Targeting, Shocks and Private Transfers among East African Pastoralists. Draft. Ithaca, NY Cornell University, Department of Economics. 

The result was a sustained hybridity of mobile pastoralist tradition and socialist modernity. Where nomads were plowed under by modernity s advance in other parts... 

Envisioned as a prime catalyst of modernization within Mongolia, the yet to be completed 2,400-km east-west highway is expected to attract rural pastoralists to... 

Efforts to improve life conditions in the er suburbs through the introduction of plumbing, clean-burning stoves, and thermo insulation have been only moderately successful because of the continuous in-flux of new squatters Irom the countryside since the late 1990s (see Rossabi, 2005 140-143). It is clear that hybridity between modernity and the traditional mobile pastoralist culture of Mongolia will not be easily achieved in material or cultural terms. 

Of course mobility is not restricted to pastoralists, nor are pastoralists necessarily mobile (Bernbeck 2008a 45-6). However, this book is restricted to mobile pastoralists as both the dominant mobile group and the dominant form of pastoralism during the periods under study. 

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