Passive samplers SPME

Similar to the previous section, we discuss only selected works to highlight the development of SPMDs. Also, we include some discussion of several unpublished pilot smdies (Huckins, 1989) that influenced our early development of SPMDs. These pilot studies were directed solely toward sampling the aqueous phase. The flrst application of SPMDs for sampling organic vapors did not occur until several years later (Petty et al., 1993). To our knowledge, only SPMDs, PESs and SPMEs are being applied in both air and water, because the use of many passive samplers is limited to a specific medium and exposure scenario. 

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) devices can be employed with solid samples as passive samplers, but this approach must be conducted in headspace mode and so it is limited to the more volatile PAHs [269], Furthermore, it appears that SPME is a better approach to extract primarily PAHs present in sediment porewater rather than in the colloidal phase [270], EPA method 8272 describes the determination of parent and alkyl polycyclic aromatics in sediment pore water by SPME-GC-MS. In a similar way, SPMDs have been mainly used for the determination of PAHs contained in sediment porewater [271],... 

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