Particulate and Colloidal Fouling

Particulate fouling in RO is most likely to be colloidal due to the formation of a colloidal deposit layer on the membrane surface. Examples of colloidal partides 

a colloidal deposit on the membrane introduces an additional resistance, Rf, and could also cause cake-enhanced concentration osmotic pressure (CEOP) [24]. The CEOP phenomenon is discussed in Section 6.3.4. Large-scale RO plants tend to be operated at a fixed production rate, requiring a fixed average flux. 

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