Particle surface property

The elderly are especially susceptible to PM effects, which are associated with fine rather than coarse particles. A recent epidemiological study found that particle number—reflecting ambient ultrafine particles—correlated better than fine particle mass with increased symptoms in asthmatics. Moreover, animal studies have shown that ultrafine particles have a significantly greater pulmonary inflammatory potency than larger submicron particles. Surface properties such as surface chemistry appear to play an important role in... 

The mechanism of particle incorporation is treated extensively in the next section, but a generalized mechanism is given here to better comprehend the effects of the process parameters. Particle incorporation in a metal matrix is a two step process, involving particle mass transfer from the bulk of the suspension to the electrode surface followed by a particle-electrode interaction leading to particle incorporation. It can easily be understood that electrolyte agitation, viscosity, particle bath concentration, particle density etc affect particle mass transfer. The particle-electrode interaction depends on the particle surface properties, which are determined by the particle type and bath composition, pH etc., and the metal surface composition, which depends on the electroplating process parameters, like pH, current density and bath constituents. The particle-electrode interaction is in competition with particle removal from the electrode surface by the suspension hydrodynamics. 

As discussed in Chapter 7, surfactant molecules are commonly used in CMP applications for colloidal dispersion stabilization to modify the wafer and particle surface properties, to control the removal rate and removal selectivity,... 

EFFECT OF MILLING ON CRYSTALLINITY AND PARTICLE SURFACE PROPERTIES... 

The bulk density of the solid is the mass of the solid particles per unit of volume they occupy. Major factors influencing the bulk density of coal are moisture content, particle surface properties, particle shape, particle size distribution, and particle density (Leonard et al., 1992). 

Particle shape, particle size, particle size distribution, particle coefficient of restitution, particle surface properties (friction)... 

The development of methods for the preparation of nanoparticles has received considerable attention. The ideal method would be one that is versatile, applicable to a wide range of materials, readily implemented, inexpensive, and scalable, and one that would allow control of particle size, size distribution, shape, crystallinity, and particle surface properties. Although no single technique meets these objectives, methods have been developed for both generalized and specific applications. Here we provide an overview of methods for the preparation and processing of nanoparticles and other nanomaterials that are comparable to those using SCFs. 

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