Panic disorder pathophysiology

Johnson MR, Lydiard RB, Ballenger JC Panic disorder. Pathophysiology and drug treatment. Drugs 49 328-344, 1995... 

There is considerable evidence that abnormal regulation of brain noradrenergic systems is also involved in the pathophysiology of panic disorder. Panic disorder patients are very sensitive to the anxiogenic effects of yohimbine in addi-... 

Taken together, so far, pharmacologic challenge studies involving 5-HT have been similarly unable to establish a primary role for 5-HT in the pathophysiology in panic disorder (Charney and Drevets 2002). 

Pathophysiological basis of panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder pharmacological treatment... 

Describe pathophysiologic findings in generalized anxiety, panic, and social anxiety disorder patients. 

Reprinted, with permission, from Kirkwood CK, Melton ST. Anxiety disorders I. Generalized anxiety, panic, and social anxiety disorders. In DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al, (eds.) Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach. 6th ed. New York McGraw Hill 2005 1294. 

The most serious theoretical side effect of inositol treatment could be reversal of therapeutic effects of Li or induction of mania in patients with bipolar disorder. So far, this has not been definitely seen in four patients with bipolar depression who were treated with full 12 g of inositol daily for depression [Levine et al. 1995a] or in 18 Li -treated patients with bipolar disorder who were treated with low-dose inositol for polyuria [Bersudsky et al. 1992] or EEG abnormalities [Barak et al. 1994]. The pathophysiological relationship of inositol reversal of Li side effects and inositol therapeutic efficacy in depression and panic is not clear. 

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