Oxygen creating

The most simple modification of cellulose leading to the formation of radical producing groups is ozonization. The action of ozonized oxygen creates hydroperoxide sites which at elevated temperature split into radicals initiating grafting and homopolymerization. 

Alcohol molecules are polar because of the presence of the -OH group, in which the hydrogen attached to oxygen creates (within this group) a small difference in charge (Figure 15.3). Other organic molecules that are polar are carboxylic acids such as ethanoic acid (p. 237). 

Cosmic rays The 6Li/7Li ratio near 0.6 observed in the cosmic rays is much larger than in the solar system because in cosmic rays both isotopes are spallation fragments of carbon and oxygen created by nuclear reactions between the cosmic rays and the interstellar atoms with which they collide. (See Nucleosynthesis origin, Cosmic rays above, and also see 7Li, below). Thus the Li isotope anomaly in the cosmic rays is understood in terms of the nuclear physics that alters the cosmic-ray composition from what it was originally when the cosmic rays began their high-speed journey. The 6Li/ 7Li ratio observed in the cosmic rays does not, therefore, represent the isotopic composition of Li in any bulk sample of stellar or planetary matter. 

The pipe joint had been leaking steam and water prior to the failure, and chemical analysis of the scale deposits on the clamp surface after the failure confirmed the presence of a number of sodium-based mineral compounds from the leaking steam, including approximately 10% sodium chloride. The presence of high concentrations of moist, hot chloride salts on the highly stressed austenitic stainless steel surface, particularly with concurrent exposure to atmospheric oxygen, created an ideal chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) environment. 

Figure 10.23 Schematic depiction of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a dendrimer with a protoporphyrin photosensitizer core, which upon irradiation with light and subsequent reaction with oxygen creates tissue-damaging singlet oxygen.

Several monolacunary anions [XM11039]" are known, either in salts with different cations or in complexes. These derivatives keep the original Keggin structure the loss of one M atom with the attached oxygen creates a vacant position (Fig. lb). 

Atomic oxygen created in the process intensively reacts with the bioorganic molecnles RH, prodncing R radicals and OH radicals ... 

The adsorbed oxygen creates a depletion layer on the surface of the film and increases the energy barrier, thereby increasing the electrical... 

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