Oxygen balance density

Because of their favorable elemental compositions, heteroaromatic nitro compounds represent explosives of high performance (oxygen balance, density, heat of formation and VOD) compared with analogous aromatic explosives [136-138]. With this objective, Licht and co-workers have synthesized some methylnitramine substituted pyridines and triazines, established their structures and characterized them for thermal and impact sensitivities [139]. The data on impact sensitivity, however, indicate that tetryl may not be replaced by these explosives. 

As an addition a CD containing a demo version of the ICT-Database of Thermochemical Values and information about the ICT-Thermody-namic-Code ist attached to the book. The full version of the database contains detailed information of more than 14,000 substances, including structure formulae, oxygen balance, densities and enthalpies of formation. The Code may be used for calculating properties of formulations like the heat of explosion or specific impulse of explosives, propellants or pyrotechnics. Both programs, updated regularly, are available by the Fraunhofer ICT. 

Hybrid compounds containing heterocyclic nitramine and em-dinitro functionality represent a class of high performance energetic materials. Such compounds frequently exhibit higher heats of formation, crystal density, detonation velocity and pressure, and better oxygen balance compared to analogous aromatic compounds. 

The oxygen balance of any specified mixture of oxidizers can be obtained by assuming the nature of the oxidized products. Table 2.6 shows the oxygen balances [OB] and densities p of some energetic materials. 

Table 2.6 Oxygen balances and densities of energetic materials.

Explosive Loading Density, g/cc Detonation Velocity m/sec Heat of Formation kcal/kg Heat of Combustion kcal/kg Heat of Detonation kcal/kg Explosion (or Ignition) Temperature, 5 sec Temperature of Detonation °C Oxygen Balance, % ... 

Detonation Velocity - Charge Diameter and Density Relationship (pp D646-L to D654-R) Detonation Velocity and Chemical Composition and Detonation Velocity as a Function of Oxygen Balance and Heat of Formation (pp D656-L to D657-L)... 

Compound Density/gcm 3 Oxygen balance/% Detonation velocity/m s 1 Detonation pressure/kbar... 

Apart from the ammonium salt of dinitramidic acid, many different stable oxygen-rich salts with a variety of cations are possible which could provide a new class of energetic materials. The presence of -N(N02)2 groups in these compounds imparts high heat of formation, density and oxygen balance and hence has received a lot of attention in recent years. The alkali metal dinitramide... 

Medard [20], for instance, recommends a mixture of 62% ammonium nitrate and 38 % trimethylolpropane trinitrate. Such a mixture has on oxygen balance corresponding to complete combustion. A charge with a diameter of 30 mm and a density of 1.50 detonates with a rate of 6150 m/sec, and a charge with a density of 1.10 detonates with a rate of 4230 m/sec. Its lead block expansion is 127.5 (taking picric acid as 100). 

In liquid mixtures tetranitromethane may be used as an oxidizing agent. A fully oxygen-balanced mixture consisting of 86.5% tetranitromethane and 13.5% toluene has a density of 1.45. It is a powerful explosive (p. 591, Vol. I). 

Oxygen Balance to C02 +5%, to CO 25% Density, loose, used for loading 0.40g/cc Brisance by Sand Crushing in 200g Bomb 46.8g (vs 48g for TNT)... 

Shaw calculated the isokinetic point between homolysis and elimination as 770K for mononitro- and vicinal dinitro-alkanes and as 370K for gem-dinitro species [51]. In gem-polynitro species the C-N02 bond is weaker than in mononitro compounds due to inductive effects [52] thus, homolysis is thought to be the principal decomposition pathway in 2,2 dinitropropane and hexanitroethane [48]. Octanitrocubane has recently been synthesized (Fig. 6). Its crystal density was lower (1.979 g/cm3) than the predicted 2.1 [53]. Like hexanitrobenzene, octanitrocubane has a perfect oxygen balance, but at this point it appears unlikely that further development of this compound will be undertaken. 

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